This is the exact embedded text of the captured official document.
Snapshot 14935d800a7d · verified 2026-06-05 ·
original document ·
archived snapshot ·
unofficial consolidation, the official version is held by the municipal clerk.
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change
Action Plan
August 2021
2021
Page 3 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Acknowledgement
The Municipality of the District of St. Mary's would like to extend their gratitude and appreciation to the
committee members who have overseen the creation of this document. Through their volunteer hours,
continual engagement, tremendous effort and positive attitudes they have helped to craft a plan that will
see the municipality into the next phase of its climate change journey.
Table of Content:
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................4
Vision.............................................................................................................................................................3
Improved Resilience System......................................................................................................................3
Improved Resilience Cycle............................................................................................................4
Climate Equity..............................................................................................................................................5
Rating System...............................................................................................................................................6
Greenhouse Gases.......................................................................................................................................8
1.0 On-Road Transportation........................................................................................................9
2.0 Stationary Energy..................................................................................................................12
Climate Change Risk Areas.......................................................................................................................16
3.0 Temperature Fluxuations....................................................................................................16
4.0 Sea Level Rise........................................................................................................................18
5.0 Extreme Weather.................................................................................................................21
6.0 Health and Wellness............................................................................................................24
7.0 Ecosystems............................................................................................................................27
Municipally Owned Infrastructure and Property.................................................................................30
8.0 Municipal Property..............................................................................................................30
9.0 Municipal Roads...................................................................................................................39
10.0 Municipal Greenspaces and Trails...................................................................................44
11.0 Hazard Areas....................................................................................................................................48
12.0 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................55
References and Abbreviation Key...........................................................................................................59
Page 4 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
The effects of climate change impacts residents of the Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
from threats such as sea level rise, coastal erosion, forest fire, and various other climate related
concerns.1 The Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP) was developed using a thoughtful effort to
address the rising implications of climate change in St. Mary's by identifying climate hazard areas,
options for addressing these concerns, and a thorough action-based plan to meet the
Municipality's emissions goals.
With a focus on creating positive community action and developing resilience-based policy, the
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's is committed to ensuring the long-term viability of the
area through engaging in resilient community practices as pertains to climate change.
Vision
To enhance the climate resiliency of the communities by engaging and educating businesses and
residents, identifying opportunities for sustainable economic development, and creating
partnerships for a climate-forward municipality.
Improved Resilience System
Resilience is often explained as the ability to withstand and "bounce back" or adapt and "bounce
forward". Resilience focuses on the ability to cope with and respond to adversity, disturbance,
and/or change. A resilient system can withstand abrupt disturbances in a limited time frame
and/or the more gradual forces of change that can have an impact over a long period.2
Resilience studies highlight that the attributes associated with resiliency in a community are
social networks and community connect.3 Focusing on community unity and cooperation will
create a stronger and more climate aware municipality.
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Introduction
Page 5 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Improved Resilience Cycle
Building resilience is not a one-and-done scenario, rather a continual cycle toward improvement.
In recognizing that the world is constantly changing, and society is learning more about the
environment and climate change impacts. Using the Improved Resilience Cycle, can equip the
municipality to meet the needs of today and plan for the future.
The Improved Resilience Cycle was designed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administrators as part of their Coastal Resilience Indicators and Rating Systems3 and was
developed "as a cycle because once communities implement actions to improve resilience, they
need to continually monitor and evaluate progress and ultimately re-assess needs and priorities.
Thinking of resilience as a process is the key to promoting short and long-term community
sustainability".
Figure 1. Improved Resilience Cycle4
The steps below describe the steps indicated in Figure 1.
Assess risk and vulnerability - Compiling baseline information, recognizing climate change risk
areas, inventorying municipally owned infrastructure and property, and identifying
climate change hazard areas. The rating system will then be implemented to consider
hazard level, cost, and ability for municipal impact.
Page 6 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Plan and prioritize - Using established vulnerabilities and highlighted problem areas, the
committee will prioritize issues, develop mitigation and/or adaptation plans, and provide
an actionable priority list for Council to consider when planning projects, developing
policy, and during budget deliberations.
Implement - The roll out of the CCAP will be initiated through on-the-ground effort within
communities, direction from Council, and climate change commitment by local business
owners and residents.
Recovery actions - Respond to hazard events and conduct post-disaster assessments. These
assessments will then be rolled back into the CCAP's updates.
Monitor, evaluate, and adapt plans - Continuous monitoring and re-assessment of actionable
items, arising hazards, and commitment to climate change action. The plan should be
reported on annually, updated regularly, and seen as a living document.
Climate Equity
Climate equity refers to the protection from climate change hazards and access to transitional
benefits for all regardless of race, gender, income, and other characteristics. Climate change
disproportionately negatively effects low-income and disadvantaged populations, women,
Indigenous peoples, and the elderly. These groups currently faced with social challenges,
structural limitations, and barriers to succeed, will have these challenges compiled by climate
change effects and associated inequality.
With recognition of climate inequality and the effect it can have on the most vulnerable citizens,
implementation of strong policy that is transparent and gives agency to socially and
economically marginalized groups coupled with forward planning for the impacts, climate
change inequality may be minimized.
Community planning for climate resilience Climate can revitalize an area and create economic
growth, contribute to poverty reduction, create jobs, raise average wages, improve food
security and reduce energy costs. With the consideration of climate equity, the CCAP can
contribute to supporting the most vulnerable residents and engage the wider community in
equity building practices.
Page 7 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Rating System
Concern Rating
Upon identification of risk and hazard areas, each area will be assigned a climate change concern
rating. This rating will be used to identify areas of urgency and assign others to long-term strategy
planning.
Low
Impacts are likely to occur in the long-term
Risk to residents or damage to property/infrastructure is minimal
Medium
Impacts likely to occur in the moderate term
Risk to residents or damage to property/infrastructure is moderate
High
Impacts are already occurring
Risk to residents or damage to property/infrastructure is high
Following identification of risk and hazard areas for consideration, Action items will be developed.
Action Items are ideas, programs, and indicatives to mitigate or adapt to the climate change issue.
An action item being included it in the CCAP it does not guarantee that it will chosen to be acted
upon or what the timeline would be if a particular item was chosen to be acted on.
Identified actionable items will be given four ratings: Action Type, Cost, Leverage, Impact.
Action Type
Depict the best strategy to approach the assigned action.
Direct
Action is under direct control of the Municipality
The Municipality has the ability to complete this action on its own
without outside jurisdictions approval
Incentivize
Actions to be championed by the Municipality through promotion,
incentive-based programs and/or providing of grants
Educate
Actions in which the Municipality may provide training,
educational material, internal development,
and community engagement activities
Partner
Actions requiring collaboration with organizations, citizens,
other levels of government, and/or working groups
Page 8 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Cost
Estimated annual or one-time expense associated with the implementation of the action item.
Low
Less than $2000 per year or $20,000 one-time expense
Medium
Between $2000 and $10,000 per year or $60,000 one-time expense
High
More than $10,000 per year or $100,000+ one-time expense
Leverage
The Municipalities' ability for direct control or ability to effect change of the action item.
Low
Minimal to zero control - e.g., Falls under outside jurisdiction,
beyond municipal financial abilities, or requires ministerial approval
Medium
Some control - e.g., Requires additional funding, or partnership
needed with outside level of government or group
High
High level of control - e.g., Falls under jurisdiction of the
municipality, minimal financial barriers
Impact
The level of impact on achieving municipal climate change vision.
Low
Minimal impact potential
Medium
Some impact potential
High
High impact potential
Page 9 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
Greenhouse gases naturally occurs in the atmosphere, and have remained stable through
natural processes that would remove as much carbon from the atmosphere as was released.5
Through human activity we are amplifying the "greenhouse effect"; which is the trapping of
long-wave energy transfer causing the Earth's temperature to rise.6 The greenhouse effect has
been exacerbated by human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, which release carbon dioxide,
methane, and nitrous oxide into the air creating the block associated with the greenhouse
effect.
As the level of GHGs continue to rise, the climate is experiencing a worldwide shift. Climate
changes are resulting in the increased severity and frequency of extreme climate events such as
heat waves,7 severe storms and hurricanes,8 wildfires,9 and heavy rains.10 These disruptions
have contributed to sea level rise, plant and species risk, and permafrost melting. If levels
continue to rise, the effects will only continue to worsen, resulting in loss of critical public
infrastructure and increased cost.
Figure 2. Breakdown of total emissions for St. Mary's11
The Municipality of the District of St. Mary's currently sits at 20.076 emissions per capita,12
which is above the national average of 19.4 tCO2.13 Transportation produces 48.9% of the
municipalities emissions, with 19,299 tCO2e the result of on-road transportation. The second
Page 10 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
leading emitting factor is stationary energy at 48%, with the largest contributor of residential
buildings totaling at 13,018 tCO2e. Commercial and industrial buildings and facilities are a large
contributing factor to the areas GHG totals with 4,846 tCO2e and growing.4 In recognizing the
largest emitters it enables targeted actions to reduce GHG.
In pledging to become a climate resilient community the Municipality has made the commitment
to match the provincial GHG emission targets. The Government of Nova Scotia has made the
commitment to reduce GHG emissions in 2020 by at least 10% below the levels that were
emitted in 1990, in 2030 by at least 53% below the levels that were emitted in 2005, and in 2050
reach at net zero emissions.14
These targets will be met through a combination of action plans laid out in the CCAP, continued
monitoring, and annual review of the plan to ensure targets are being met. Based on the
anticipated reductions achieved through the proposed mitigation and adaptation prioritized
action items the Municipality can conservatively anticipate a reduction of 55% by 2030, 75% by
2040, and net zero emission by 2050.
1.0 On-Road Transportation
Concern Rating
High
On-road transportation results in 19,127 metric tonnes of CO2 emission each year from the
municipality. In order to lower the GHG footprint the Municipality will have to target on-road
transportation as a priority area for adaptation and mitigation efforts.
1.1 Electric vehicle charging stations15 provide an opportunity to encourage residents and
visitors to the area with an alternative way to travel. In having access to charging stations, the
Municipality shows an outward commitment to being climate forward and climate conscious.
Adding these stations to a key tourist destination such as Port Bickerton Lighthouse16 would fill
in the gap currently in the charging station availability along the Eastern Shore,17 and could be
used as part of the Guysborough County18 or Eastern Shore tourism19 plan and promotional
material.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
High
Medium
Medium
1.2 Charging stations added to the 16 Main Street parking area could allow for continued
improvements to the space, additional tourism attraction, and contribute the to park-and-
playASP environment being cultivated for Main Street.SSP
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
High
Medium
Medium
Page 11 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
1.3 Charging site(s) located at the Municipal Office would provide the opportunity for a fleet
development and sharing program. A pilot project was launched between 2016-2019 in six
Quebec Municipalities.20 The average reduction under the pilot projects in CO2e was 50.7
tonnes. Funding opportunities are available under Federation of Canadian Municipalities
(FCM) Green Municipal fund reduce fossil fuel use in fleets21 pilot project program, grants up
to $500,000 to cover up to 50% of eligible projects are available. This program would not only
act as a GHG reduction program and provide community transportation to residents without
reliable access to transportation and may be a revenue-generating opportunity.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
High
Medium
Medium
1.4 Provide education and grant application assistance to residents surrounding purchasing of
electric vehicles and their potential off-sets opportunities; including, the Federal Zero-Emission
Vehicle22 program which provides an incentive and tax write-off programs.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
High
Medium
1.5 Research the opportunity to organize an electric vehicle group purchasing program for
residents. Purchasing a bulk-number of vehicles residents may be able to receive pricing
breaks compared to a single vehicle purchase and create an incentive for residents to make
the switch to an electric vehicle.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
1.6 Develop and implement an anti-idling policy.23 This policy may focus on municipally owned
vehicles, employees completing municipal business, municipally owned land, by-law
implementation,24 and land-use planning changes.25
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
1.7 Provide education pieces to residents in the form of tips and best practices toward
improving car fuel economy.26 Raise awareness and access to the free online ecoDriving
course,27 to learn how fuel efficiency can help residents save money and reduce GHG. Offer a
group training at a variety of local community CAP sites.28
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
High
Low
Page 12 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
1.8 Provide access and remove barriers to public transportation. Currently the only available
public transportation option is through Antigonish Community Transit29 with the cost for a
round trip beginning in Sherbrooke estimated at $50. The barrier of cost to access this service
needs to be considered. A grant program based off income, tapping into provincial or federal
funding30 to subsidise costs of accessing the service, or a Municipally organized or owned
taxi/car ride share service are opportunities to be considered.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Incentivize
Medium
Medium
Low
1.9 Investment and advocacy in bike lanes and alternative transportation infrastructure. Nova
Scotia has invested heavily in the extending of road ways to include bike lanes and/or paved
shoulders in an effort to develop the Blue Route system across the province.31 The Blue Route
program was developed as a province-wide incentive to increase infrastructure, safety, and
way-finding for bicyclists.ASP In partnership with the province there is an opportunity to pursue
the completed extension of the blue route down the Eastern Shore, connecting the
municipality to the greater bicycling community.ASP
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Low
Low
1.10 The extension of the Blue Route may be continued in the greater Municipality through
way-finding guidelines,32 the addition of bicycle racks for easy storage, and adding bike route
and trail information pamphlets to the visitor information kiosk.SSP Installation of free water
bottle filling stationsASP would be an incentive for a bicyclist to travel through a particular
community. Such additions could be extended out from the municipal center to include other
community hubsAL along route such as Port Bickerton Community Center33 or Greenfield
Oldsters Club.34
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
1.11 Bicycle tourism offers the opportunity for business development including guided tours,
repair locations, and lodgings.SP Bicyclists take longer to travel through an area, therefor tend
to spend a greater sum of money. Capitalising on this, the Municipality may place itself in the
position to become a bicycle tourists' hub. Undertakings such as providing support and
education for business alignment or start-up associated with the bicycle tourism industry may
be beneficial.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
Medium
Medium
Page 13 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
1.12 In order to support the bicycle tourism industry businesses could opt to carry supplies or
provide services needed by bicycle users, including items such a tire repair kits and clothing.
The Municipality may provide them a signSSP to indicate they are bicycle friendly for display in
their front window.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Low
Low
1.13 The extension of the Blue Route would allow residents a way to safely travel between
destinations and reduce their emissions.SL With the growing popularity of electric bikes, which
allows users to travel further and faster than ever before, accessibility between communities
may increase greatly. The Municipality may provide education and assistance in applying for
the Provincial rebates program for E-bikes through their Electrify Nova Scotia program.35 This
may remove barriers of financial cost of purchasing an E-bike and physical limitation
associated with enjoying bicycling.AL
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
Medium
Low
1.14 Education and training may be offered to the wider community to highlight the bicycling
opportunities in the area and how residents may take advantage of them.AL Including a variety
of adult and youth bike courses offered through Bicycle Nova Scotia's CAN-BIKE program.36 In
addition to the CAN-BIKE training and education programs is their Kids CAN-BIKE Festival.AL
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
Medium
Low
2.0 Stationary Energy
Concern Rating
High
Stationary Energy accounts for 48% of municipal emissions, with 13,018 tCO2e from residential
and 4848 tCO2e from commercial/industrial buildings. Targeting contributors, the Municipality
can actively reduce the Municipal GHG emissions overall. In pursuing education and training will
be empowering businesses and residents to make choices on energy efficiency and green
building practices.SP
2.1 Providing education and training to building inspector(s) surrounding energy efficiency in
new builds and green renovations.37 This will create educated advocates for sustainable and
energy efficient building practices in the Municipality's core team.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
Medium
Medium
Page 14 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
2.2 The HomeWarming program38 provides home energy assessments and upgrades for
qualified residents at no cost to the homeowner. Raising awareness surrounding such
programs the Municipality can provide residents the opportunity to take advantage of, for
example, reduction of heating and power bills through upgrades to insulation and draft-
proofing measures.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
High
High
2.3 Greener Homes grant39 offers up to a $5000 grant to homeowners for energy efficient
upgrades including solar panels, heat pumps, and smart thermostats. Providing education and
awareness of the various funding programs available for energy efficient upgrades the
Municipality can empowering the residents to be proactive in addressing climate change in
the home.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
High
High
2.4 An education piece may be developed to provide awareness of home energy programs.
Efficiency Nova Scotia, for example, offers their Home Energy Assessment40 program that
provides homeowners with an EnerGuide41 energy performance score and a prioritize list of
upgrades. The results may be used for home planning or to apply for various rebate programs
under the Efficiency NS umbrella.42 These rebates range from insulation upgrades, heat pump
installations, window and door upgrades, and heat recovery ventilation. Other Efficiency Nova
Scotia programs include: Heat pump/wood/pellet/solar/thermal/ETS rebates,43 Hot water
heating rebate,44 and free Energy Efficiency Product Program.45
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
High
Medium
2.5 In collaboration with building inspectors, develop a building sustainably check list or
guidelines,46 with associated links, that can be given to inquiring residents or those pursuing a
building permit. This will empower the resident to pursue greener building practices, bring
awareness to the benefits of building sustainably, and the long-term financial savings
associated with a greener build.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
High
Low
Page 15 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
2.6 In partnership with outside contributors develop and set a Municipal Green Building
Target. Example of a Municipal Green Building Target: Each new build or renovation project
would have a prescribed green building target; a deposit would be made to the Municipality
on a set amount per $1000 of construction value. If energy target is reached deposit is
refunded and other incentives may be included. If the set energy efficiency target is not met
the deposit is forfeited to the Municipality where the funds will roll-over into a green energy
fund.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Medium
Medium
Low
2.7 Advocate in favor of the National Energy Code of Canada's47 implementation of the tiered
building code proposal. With a focus on energy efficiency, solar and net-zero ready new builds,
and carbon neutral buildings implications.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
Low
Low
2.8 Provide education on PACE48 - Property Assessment Clean Energy Programs - as an
"innovative mechanism for financing energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements"
for both commercial and residential properties.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
Medium
Low
2.9 Target community championsSP to under-go the LEED49 training opportunities and provide
access to associated services to the residents of the Municipality.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
Medium
Medium
2.10 Work with outside partners to pursue opportunities to invest in sustainable affordable
housing.50 Funding programs such as the Green Municipal Fund51 offers funding and pilot
project opportunities that can cover up-to 80% of project costs.52
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
High
Medium
High
Page 16 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
2.11 Conduct research, and where appropriate, policy development to protect against urban
sprawl in the Municipality. Options may include land-use by-law changes or tax incentive
programs.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
2.12 Pursue opportunities for a Municipally owned renewable energy source, which will not only
provide an alternative energy source may create the option of a revenue stream. Options for
exploration may include solar, wind, or hydro-energy.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
High
2.13 Develop an Energy Challenge Pilot Project to engage residents on the impact's household
changes may have to their energy efficiency and quality of life.SP
a. The pilot project may include 5 families over 30 days and be reported on reality-TV
style. Have the families post regularly on social media platforms about ongoing
efficiencies and changes they have implemented.
b. Efficiency Nova Scotia may be a targeted partner who could help instruct the
participants of their starting efficiency rating and upgrade opportunities and funding.
Following completion of the 30-day Energy Challenge a reassessment would take place
and the household who made the greatest impact to their rating would be awarded a
prize pack.
c. The goal would be to show how simple and low-cost changes, paired with taking
advantage of grant/funding opportunities can make an impact on home wellbeing and
associated cost savings.
d. Opportunity to connect with the local school or outside community college to develop
a set of short videos: introductory video of each family and their starting efficiency
levels, overall experience in the Energy Challenge for each family and the concluding
energy rating, and a video containing tips and tricks from each family of efficiencies
they discovered and could complete themselves for their home.
e. During the Energy Challenge the Municipality may provide updates on how each family
is doing, include links to social media posts, and highlight education pieces surround
energy efficiency in the home.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Medium
Medium
Medium
Page 17 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Climate Change Risk Areas
3.0 Temperature Fluctuation
Concern Rating
Medium
Climate change effects on temperatures worldwide53 are estimated to have risen 1.1oC in the
past one hundred years.54 The effects of this temperature change can be felt here in Nova Scotia
where the annual temperature averages are mirroring the global temperature shifts.55
Figure 3. Historic and projected mean temperatures for St. Mary's56
The shifts in temperature have resulted in a myriad of changes for the St. Mary's areas;
including, loss of sea ice and permafrost, rise in drought concerns resulting in higher risk of
forest fires, the lowering of the water table which may result in drinking water contamination,
parasite risk, and saltwater intrusion. Also, this raises concerns for local agricultural initiatives
irrigation and water access. While the temperature change threatens winter-based tourism it
does extend the mild weather tourism season, which is the more lucrative tourism season for
the Municipality.
Through recognizing the risk areas associated with temperature rise and in taking steps to curb
the GHG contributions to off-set future temperature rise, may position the Municipality to
manage the adverse implications associated with temperature-based climate change impacts.
3.1 Review and catalogue local infrastructure and response measures, and identify
investments needed in the area to address a forest fire response. This would require
partnership with Department of Natural Resources, volunteer fire departments, and local
volunteer groups.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Medium
Medium
Medium
3.2 Create a space on the municipal website homepage displaying the provincial burn
restrictions map57 during the fire concern months.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
Page 18 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
3.3 Provide education58 pieces on safe burning practices,59 how to protect property from
fire,60 and campfire safety tips.61
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
Medium
Low
3.4 Partner with Emergency Management Officer (EMO), FAST organization62 and the Fire
Services Committee63 to determine a list of fire concern areas in the Municipality, develop a
response plan, and organize a table-top exercise to practice the plan.64
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
3.5 Develop an in-house protocol to use the municipal Voyent Alert! system65 for informing
residents of potential fire risks and reported fire areas.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
3.6 Water conservation may need to be part of resident's warm months plan.66 Developing
an education piece on best practices for water conservation,67 and awareness of Efficiency
Nova Scotia programs,68 which include free access to items such as low flow shower heads.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
High
Low
3.7 Conduct a study of access to drinking water, including needs and barriers for residents to
access clean drinking water.69 The reliance of drinking water from a secondary source (e.g.,
hauling water from a local drinking stream) for many rural residents creates a particular
challenge that will need to be highlighted in the process of a study.70
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Medium
High
Medium
3.8 Following the drinking water access study, a water management and mitigation plan may
be created.71 The unique perspective will need to be undertaken in the area as many of the
Page 19 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
residents are rural, and simply upgrading the municipally owned water facilities will not
impact most municipal residents. The possibility of establishing a pilot project in conjunction
with the provincial72 or federal government73 to provide tools to rural residents who do not
have access to town drinking water may be developed as part of this plan.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
High
Medium
Medium
3.9 The possibility of expansion of expansion of municipal water should be considered,
resulting in designation of watershed areasSW that may be targeted for protection. Areas, such
as Goshen or Port Bickerton, would then have access to clean water and there would be
control and monitored through the local water table. 74 This monitoring ability would be
particularly important in seaside communities where the drawing down of the water table
may result in saltwater intrusion and contamination of drinking water.75
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
High
Medium
Medium
4.0 Sea Level Rise (SLR)
Concern Rating
Medium
Sea level rise is in response to the climate
change effects associated with melting
ice and thermal expansion.
76 It's
estimated that by the year 2100 the sea
levels will rise between 28-98cm, with the
potential for going well over 1 meter.77
The impacts of a rising sea level will be
substantial in St. Mary's boasts roughly
264 km of shoreline. (Figure 4.) Sea level
rise raises concerns surrounding coastal
erosion, flooding, damage to infrastructure, storm surge, and well-water contamination.
Figure 4. Yellow line=St. Mary's Municipal boundary Blue line=The area measured to determine kilometers of shoreline in the municipality
Page 20 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Figure 5. SLS measurements and predicted increases in Marie Joseph78
Figure 7. SLS measurements and predicted increases in Port Bickerton79
The Eastern Shore tourism80 experience focuses heavily on historical sight-seeing along with
coastal access and beauty, both of which are threatened by climate change and sea level rise.81
Beyond the obvious destruction of historical sites that could be caused by sea level rise, the
narrowing of beaches and threatening of roadways present a specific threat to the coastal
tourism industry thriving along the eastern shore.
Page 21 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
4.1 Develop an education piece for residents surrounding sea level rise and the implications
that could have on the locals, business, and community tourism.82 Targeted education may
be developed for those living or owning property within the projected sea level rise impact
area.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
Medium
Low
4.2 Provide training and information for business impacted by sea level rise. Connecting those
impacted with supports, such as the Community Business Development Corporation (CBDC)83
where they can receive assistance and guidance surrounding best practices to climate proof
their business or pivot to meet the climate associated challenges.84
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
Medium
Low
4.3 Planning for sea level rise may include land use changes and building code adjustments to
allow for coastal setbacks, adjusted for the projected high-water mark. The Provincial Coastal
Protection Act 85 has been developed along with proposed building regulations in
consideration of sea level rise and coastal flooding. These new regulations are currently under
development and the Municipality should consider taking every opportunity to consult and
offer feed-back as the opportunity arises.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Low
High
4.4 Lobby other levels of government to invest in armouring86 the coastlines with engineered
solutions including, sea walls and breakwaters. The use of dikes and shorelines may act as an
additional barrier to protect against the sea level rise and resulting higher storm surge.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
Low
Low
4.5 Saltwater intrusion into drinking water reservoirs will be of great concern for shore
dwelling residents. 87 Education on water usage and avoiding large scale community
withdrawals may help combat the effects of sea level rise for coastal residents.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
Medium
Low
Page 22 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
4.6 Lobby for various sites along the coast to be included in the provincial groundwater
monitoring program.88 To date there is only one monitoring site in Guysborough County and
none anywhere along the coast. The data from water monitoring locations could then be used
to develop prediction mapping and planning for future water protection measures.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
Low
High
5.0 Extreme Weather
Concern Rating
Medium
A by-product of climate change is the rise of extreme weather.89 Intense rainfall events will not
only increase in fury but also frequency.90 This may trigger wide scale and potentially destructive
flooding, water contamination from storm run-off, and sediment run-off affecting ecosystems.
Figure 8. Precipitation in St. Mary's -- Historical and Projected91
Predictions for the 2021 storm season are to see tropical storms numbering between 13-20 with
a historical average of 14, hurricanes 6-10 with a historical average of 7, and major hurricanes
where the historical average has been 3.92 Large scale weather events like these leave the
municipal coastline vulnerable to storm surge, high winds, infrastructure damage, and risk to
human life.
The intensity of winter storms raises particular hazards from the flux of the cold warm cycle
resulting in large snowfall events melting at a rapid rate leading to flooding. Winter storms bring
the risks of ice on trees and power lines, which is only being exacerbated with the changing
temperature placing Nova Scotia in a zone more prone to ice events as the temperatures rise
and fall. Extreme weather events also threaten tourism and businesses as they tend to be
lengthy and destructive, particularly the wind.
Page 23 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
5.1 Plans to address given storm scenarios will need to be developed in partnership with EMO,
local volunteer fire departments,93 provincial response,94 and community organizations.95
Scenarios to consider planning may include: long-term power outage (winter/summer),96 and
roadway closures due to washout or downed trees.97
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
High
5.2 Audit local volunteer fire departments, community centers, and committees will need to
highlight gaps in the ability to meet needs of residents in the events of an extreme weather
event (e.g., generator capacity, on-site cooking ability, sanitation readiness) and pursue
funding98 to meet needs.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
Medium
Medium
5.3 Provide information to residents of the Municipality surrounding emergency
preparedness;99 such as supplies to have on hand100 and general property preparations101 to
consider.102 Highlight emergency preparedness week103 as a tool to educate residents and
utilize programs developed for the awareness week campaign.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
High
Low
5.4 Develop an alert key for the Municipal Voyent Alert104 system, including threat level
indicators. 105 These codes should be clear and sensical; e.g., wildfire may be red, and
following the code would be specific information about threat level and exact location(s)
impacted. Codes should be circulated through the municipality, perhaps by the municipal
newsletter, and posted on the website and municipal property. A webinar, short video, or
internet live chat event may be developed to educate residents surrounding the Voyent Alert
system and its implications of use for the Municipality.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
5.5 Water and wastewater are under particular risk during extreme weather events. Overflow
capacity, containment, and contamination probability are examples of areas of concern.
Building off recent upgrades to the infrastructure in place, a long-term plan should be
developed to climate proof the facilities.106
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Medium
High
Medium
Page 24 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
5.6 Developing future infrastructure to contend with extreme weather events can reduce the
damage. The rain garden proposalSSP offers an excellent example of planning for future rain
events, and subsequent drought periods associated with climate change. Ensuring extreme
weather events are considered during planning will allow the opportunity to mitigate the
effects rather then responding to the implications after they take place.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Medium
Medium
Medium
5.7 Adjust land-use planning to consider wetlands, floodplains, and source water for
protection.SW Flood water storage systems could be developed as a capital project to address
particular areas of concern in a residential area and protect runoff from contamination
associated with extreme weather events.107
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
High
5.8 Lobbying provincial and/or federal government to protect infrastructure from storms and
storm surge through beachscape, water-way setback requirements, artificial islands,
seawalls, or dykes. And planning for mitigation through sea walls, flood, reforestation in
upland areas and buffer zones, and wetland restoration.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
Low
Low
5.9 Developing long-term planning in conjunction with outside entities to mitigate impact of
storm events on built infrastructure. These plans could include burying of power lines,108 or
road realignment away from impact zones.109
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Medium
Medium
Low
5.10 Lobby for sufficient access to cell coverage and internet capabilities in the event of an
extreme storm as a tool in responding.110 Lobbying for phone or connectivity lines to be
buried, above ground infrastructure such as cell towers to be reinforced, and generator
systems to run outlying stations to be maintained.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
Low
Low
Page 25 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
6.0 Health and Wellness
Concern Rating
Low
The effects of climate change will go beyond the natural environment to have adverse
implications on the health and well-being of residents.111 The rise in average temperatures will
increase the risk of heat stress/stroke,112 while also depleting fresh water resources and leading
to water scarcity issues. 113 Lower water tables will lead to an increased opportunity for
contamination of drinking water, and the stagnation of the water sources will create a breeding
ground for insects that are known carriers of infectious diseases.114
An increase in intensity of sunlight will lead to skin damage, skin cancer, and cataract diagnosis
increase.115 Mold and pollen associated with the longer growing season will exacerbate allergies
and contribute to a rise in respiratory issues.116 Air pollution, smog, and soot will cause further
damage to airways and results in a merited of breathing and health related issues.117
Food safety and food scarcity will rise as a result of the changing climate, and challenge the most
vulnerable populations, such as the elderly or homeless, that are at a far greater risk.118 The
mental health implications 119 will be innumerable; varying from, stress to depression and
increased anxiety. The mental health sector will need to be bolstered to combat the effects of
climate change.
6.1 Partner with health and wellness organizations, such as Community Health Board120,
to develop an education piece around being warm weather safe,121 both at home and at
work.122 AL An example may be a focus on daily water in-take, with a competition or challenge
to accompany the information and awareness campaign.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
6.2 Provide education and awareness surrounding well water testing123; every six months for
bacteria and on a biyearly basis for chemicals. Explain how to test, why it's important, and
how to interpret the results of testing.124 125
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
High
Low
Page 26 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
6.3 The Infectious Disease and Climate Change Fund126 offers the opportunity to build a data
bank of current risks and a monitoring plan for future risks. Funding provides for an education
and awareness campaign to inform residents and local health professionals on how to
monitor for outbreaks.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Low
6.4 Prepare codes and best practices through EMO and in conjunction with the Voyent Alert
system127 to inform residents of possible out-breaks, exposures, or at-risk areas. Plan a scaled
response for such an event and complete a table-top exercise with appropriate partners, such
as fire departments and hospital representatives.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
6.5 Partner with the St. Mary's Food Bank128 and other outside social awareness parties to
devise a plan and a congruent program to address food insecurity, which will continue to be
exacerbated by climate change. Available funding129 can be utilized and key stake holders
mobilized.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Medium
Medium
Medium
6.6 Prepare an education campaign for residents surrounding sun safety, 130 specifically
targeting children131 and those who work in the direct sun132 (e.g., fisher-people). Education
may include providing list of approved protection products. 133 Highlight prevention and
detection information for skin cancers134, coupled with the sun safety tips and tricks. 135
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Education
Low
High
Low
6.7 Provide education surrounding the ultraviolet (UV) index136 and how it can be used as a
tool to prepare yourself for sun safety.137 Highlight the UV index implications during the
wintertime138 when people tend to be less conscious of the sun's adverse effects.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Education
Low
High
Low
Page 27 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
6.8 Host a sun safety education webinar in partnership with Canadian Skin Cancer
Foundation.139 This program includes shade mapping, games, and science experiments to
explore and understand sun safety.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
6.9 Provide awareness of the air quality health index, 140 and tips on how to use and
understand the index.141 Highlight the impacts of air quality in homes142 and businesses,143
and impacts on personal health.144 The changes to improve indoor air quality can often be
tied to building energy efficiency upgrades and green new builds.145
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
6.10 Pursue a tree planting initiative146 to not only offset GHG but to improve air quality. This
program could be both a municipal undertaking and a community program that encourages
business and homeowners to plant trees. Partner with local groups to provide trees for their
conservation projects and community education/trail walks to display for the community the
effect trees can have on clean air, as well as positive changes to the natural environment. The
1st St. Mary's Scouts Group147 may be an appropriate partnership to engage the youth in air
quality and climate change initiatives.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
6.11 Support research on the effects of climate change on mental health, including pursuing
a study148 to explore the impacts that effect those living in a rural setting with reduced access
to supports. This study may be completed in partnership with the community health board,149
an outside funding partner,150 or post-secondary educational institution.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Incentivize
Medium
Low
Low
6.12 Provide access 151 to resource 152 and education 153 surrounding mental health and
reducing the stigma associated with accessing mental health supports.154
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Education
Low
High
Low
Page 28 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
6.13 Plan programs focused on coping with mental health such as meditation classes,155 art
workshops,156 and nature based activates.157
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
7.0 Ecosystems
Concern Rating
Medium
As a municipality with significant resource and forestry designated land, and whose major
employers are resource extraction based,158 the threat of ecological changes are very real and
close to home. Rises in average daily temperatures will lengthen the growing season, shift
bloom schedules, and nesting times. These changes will alter vegetation patterns and species
migration.159 This may trigger the loss of rare ecosystems and increase pressure on already
threatened flora and fauna.160 Coupled with the habitat loss due to deforestation and land-use
development, the impact on the natural environment could be catastrophic.
As the oceans continue to absorb higher levels of CO2 in an effort to off-put the rising levels in
the atmosphere this will raise the acidity level of the oceans.161 Ocean acidity will threaten the
fishing economy, marine life, coastal and sea vegetation, and any creatures who rely on the
ocean as their primary food source.162 The increase in storm run-off will undoubtedly increase
the sediment deposits in the ocean and affect the local marine environments as well.
There is evidence to show that invasive species and pests may move into the area, bringing both
a threat to resident's health and the wellbeing of the natural environment 163 (e.g., spruce
beetle, large-mouth bass). Engaging in meaningful partnerships, connecting resource-based
industries to alternative proactive options, and prioritizing sustainable and green growth the
Municipality can work toward protecting the delicate ecosystems.164
7.1 Partner with appropriate entity165 to receive updates on species at-risk and their local
habit areas in the Municipality.166 Having annual access to this information, will empower
decision makers to make planning choices with habitat and species protection in mind.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
High
Page 29 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
7.2 Create an education plan to inform residents of at-risk or endangered species in the area,
what to do if they are spotted, and actions they can take to help species thrive.167 Targeting
children through programs, such as Earth Rangers,168 will direct them to resources where
they can learn in an interactive and engaging manner.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
Medium
Medium
7.3 Approach forestry and fishing business owners to work jointly to develop nature-based
solutions 169 and sustainable practices to address the concerns raised surrounding the
industries and climate change.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Medium
Medium
Medium
7.4 Partner with CBDC 170 or Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency (ACOA) 171 to develop
innovative plans and locate funding in order to address the agricultural/fishing/forestry
changes required to adapt to climate change.172
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Medium
Low
Low
7.5 Encourage and provide information on sustainable173 forestry practices, such as forest
certification,174 in an effort to encourage woodlot owners to shift their practices toward
sustainability, including best practice guides. 175 Highlight available funding opportunities
associated with programs such as silviculture.176 Explore the possibility of training associated
with assisted migration 177 planting to inform woodlot owners of techniques, climate
mitigation implications, and benefits to the health of their woodlots.178
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Education
Low
Medium
High
7.6 Work with woodlot owners to create a voluntary procedure to identify179 and report
pests.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Low
7.7 Develop an education piece to inform the public surrounding pests and amplification of
the provincial Don't Move Firewood180 initiative.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Education
Low
High
Low
Page 30 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
7.8 Highlight education181 for sustainable aquaculture and fishing practices,182 and highlight
funding183 availability for innovative fishing practices184 and associated costs.185
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Education
Low
Low
Low
7.9 Provide information surrounding agricultural training186 and best practices187 for when
considering the effects of climate change and to assist in the climate mitigation effort.188 For
example, a longer growing season will require irrigation planning to be altered to not only
take in the extension of the season and freshwater availability,189 or the diversifying of crop
choices for future and current businesses owners.190
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Education
Low
Medium
Low
7.10 Explore opportunities to partner with educational institutions for research surrounding
carbon sequestration and progressive climate change mitigation/adaptation approaches.191
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
7.11 Work with partners in conservation organizations192 to protect and advocate for the
protections of source water resources, including lakes and streams.193
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Low
7.12 Work with riparian zone landowners to educate about the importance of buffer zones
and vegetation along watercourses.194
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
7.13 Lobby upper levels of government to develop a system for collecting/sharing data and
information about wildlife, ecosystems, and community-based food supply sources.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
High
Low
Page 31 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Municipally Owned Infrastructure and Property
When reviewing municipal buildings and built infrastructure it was approached from the view
point of the climate threat from the outside. To review a full evaluation and recommended
approach to interior efficiencies in associated with climate change refer to report The 2021
Energy Management Plan published August 2021 by Ainslie Timmons under the Efficiency Nova
Scotia On-Site Energy Manager Program.
8.0 Municipal Property
Rating
Low
8.1 Undertake a study to identify, plan, and implement building protection and efficiencies in
relation to climate change risks.195 Having a clear plan with an associated timeline will enable
decision makers to plan long and short-term infrastructure projects and improvements.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Medium
Medium
Medium
8.2 Consider developing and implementing a plan to address outdoor building climate threats
to infrastructure with all-natural based protection.196 This would be the first municipality to
approach climate protection measures solely from a natural infrastructure forward
framework.197
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
8.3 In coordination with EMO and appropriate outside entities, develop a response plan and
guidelines related to municipal property and infrastructure. 198 These guidelines should
include a checklist to be completed on a rotational schedule to identify any arising risk factors
and monitor known risks. Items on this checklist may include ensuring drainage is operating
properly, or trees are in ideal health with no at-risk limbs.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
8.4 Reducing reliance on gas-powered property maintenance tools may be considered.199
While the devices tend to be smaller than most gas-powered entities, they are highly
inefficient. Shifting toward manual or rechargeable equipment present a viable option.200
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Page 32 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
8.5 When planting shrubbery, trees, plants, etc. some considerations may be made to
enhance the infrastructure climate protection.
- Evergreens planted on the north side to protect against winter winds
- Planting of shrubs on east, west, and south side of air conditioning units to provide
the unit with natural shade and cooling which will reduce the unit's energy load
- Low trees or shrubbery planted on the north side of a building may act as a wind break
- Shelterbelts along property line may cut winds, which may reduce heating costs and
moderate the microclimate
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
8.6 Embankment monitoring, evaluation, and response practices may be developed. These
practices may begin by developing a baseline of current daily levels and some recent extreme
weather event maximums, this will allow for clear indication of rising waters or what to
anticipate as capacity in the event of future weather events and make appropriate predictions
to which responses may be modeled after.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
High
8.7 Mitigation of insect and vermin, which are predicted to increase as an effect of climate
change, 201 will need to be planned for appropriately. Pest monitoring in and outside of
buildings, habitat and mating locations on property, and techniques or guidelines to address
the issue in an environmentally friendly manner may need to be developed. An example of
measures may be to engage integrated pest management practices.202
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
8.8 During normal maintenance impact resistant windows and doors may need to be installed.
These upgrades will protect against damage associated with extreme weather events.
Upgrading current window/door protection may ensure the properties ability to withstand a
weather event with minimal damage.203
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
Page 33 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
8.9 Future landscaping should consider native species and climate tolerance during
procurement. Investing in landscaping that is climate tolerant and native to the local
ecosystems will be bolstering the natural ecosystems while providing drainage and curb
appeal.204
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Municipal Office
8.10 Ensuring landscaping includes firebreak areas. These areas may include items, such as
gravel or rock, to protect the building and create a fuel break surrounding the building in the
event of a wildfire.205
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Medium
High
Medium
8.11 Rainwater capturing system206 may be implemented to reduce the amount of water
running off into the area in the event of an intense rainfall events, and serve as a storage
system to be used on municipal plantings or hanging baskets during dry season as examples.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Medium
High
Low
Sherbrooke Library
8.12 Run off from the hill located at the rear of the building represents an area of threat.
Monitoring of the hill side and long-term fortification efforts may need to be developed.
These plans may include items such as natural reinforcement through targeted planting207 or
an engineered hillside drainage system.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
8.14 Flooding mitigation planning and preparedness, in the event of a riverbank breach for
example, may need to be developed.208 This plan will need to be completed in consultation
with the Eastern Counties Library Board, EMO, and other appropriate partners.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
Page 34 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
8.15 Street drainage and slope may need to be altered to reduce risk to the building. In further
beautificationSSP planning, slope of surrounding groundwork and built infrastructure should
be considered, maintaining drainage away from the building to reduce the risk of flooding.
Installation of street drainage 209 may be an appropriate consideration for the area
surrounding the building.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Medium
High
High
8.16 Use of mulch, climate tolerant plants, and water capturing systems, such as curb
gardens,SSP may provide capture of water during wet season and slow release in dry season.
Such planting techniques may assist in natural cooling of the populated area.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
RecPlex
8.17 Water catchment and divergence from the roof may need to be considered. Currently
the flow runs directly off the roof over sides of the building, with only a couple eave troughs
diverting runoff resulting in deterioration of outside building material due to moisture
damage. Diverting the flow may counteract the moisture damage associated with running
water and snowbanks.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Medium
High
Medium
8.18 Drainage is a concern around the side of the building closest to the road and rear. The
area is currently saturated and can become very soft. During winter months a plow is required
to clear the full perimeter of the building for safety reasons. This is causing lawn damage, and
fear of clearing equipment being stuck. A french drain system or a similar drainage investment
may need to be designed in order to counter act the current pooling and redirect the water
away from the building.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Page 35 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
8.19 Planning to be fire wise with landscaping may be a beneficial approach.210 Including fuel
breaks in the fire line, may slow down or even stop a wildfire, an example would be a gravel
pad. Fire zone clearing may take place yearly to ensure a fire safe buffer zone surrounding
the building.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
8.20 Green roof installation may be an appropriate option for the building. Green roofs
reduce energy costs and slow down runoff from storm events. Exploration of the opportunity
to install a green roof may be undertaken as an option to both increase efficiencies and
bolster the building against weather events.211
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Public Washrooms and Parking Area - 16 Main Street
8.21 The large tree overhanging the facility presents a danger to the building in the form of
limbs falling during high winds, ice/snow events, or tree rot. Biannual monitoring of the tree
and its health may be an appropriate policy to implement. Ensuring regular monitoring of the
trees surrounding the facility the Municipality can engage in preventative measures as the
need arises.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
8.22 At the rear of the building runs a small stream that connects to the river. The bank
between the stream and building is narrow and does not allow for much erosion before major
impacts to the building may occur. Exploration of options for fortification of this bank, either
through natural measures or engineered solutions, may need to be considered in order to
protect the building from the eroding banks implications. Revetment, planting of native
shrubs and grasses, or a concrete retaining wall may be options to consider.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Page 36 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
8.23 Flooding threat from both the stream and river is high at this location. Planning for
protection of the building during the rainy season or extreme weather events may need to
be developed. Plans should include approaches for both mitigation and adaptation. Examples
of items that may fall in the plan may include directional drainage plans or removable flood
protection barriers.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
8.24 During the next stage of the Streetscapes Plan and paving of the parking lot, directional
drainage and sloping may be considered. Embedded drainage in the paving, or planning for
the grading and sloping to encourage drainage away from the building, may be able to protect
the building from damage due to extreme weather events.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
8.25 Planning for snow removal may be considered. Developing a plan on how best to clear
the space surrounding the building, including where snow collection piles will be located,
gives a level of control over the melt process and its impact on the building. These plans
should be made with a rapid melt scenario in mind or a large scale snow event.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
8.26 High water and flooding may threaten the newly renovated parking area. Plans for
drainage solutions, including built-in directional flow infrastructure and natural-based
solutions, should be developed. These plans may include immediate implementation items
alongside long-term infrastructure planning framework.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
8.27 Barriers, permanent or moveable, may be a consideration. This may include large rock
along the rivers edge or berms reinforced with vegetation and trees.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Page 37 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Water Treatment Facility and Storage Garage
8.28 Threat of tree damage surrounding the storage garage may need to be addressed. Falling
limbs due to winter storms or wind events may damage the structure and lead to costly
repairs. In developing either a monitoring plan or removing the at-risk limbs or trees, the
Municipality can address the risk before it creates an issue.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
8.29 The marsh and pond located at the back of the property presents a flood risk. The water
treatment facility is elevated and well-sloped offering some protection. The storage shed is
in a knoll making it particularly vulnerable to flood damage. A short-term plan to address the
threat may include on-site planning to elevate all water-sensitive material or items off the
floor onto shelves or hooks. Long-term site planning may include considerations such as
raising the building, installing drainage, or building in natural-based defenses such as
landscape berm.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
8.30 The lawn space and its proximity to water provides an opportunity to expand the area
into a diversity-focused ecosystem. This may involve a focused target group, such as
pollinators, or creating an extension of the marshy area currently running along the rear of
the property. This would cut down on property maintenance, as many of these systems are
self-sustaining once developed and support the continued diversity of the area.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Wastewater Collection and Treatment Facility
8.31 Large pieces of equipment are located outside of the treatment facility, and future
material selection will need to consider the effects of acid rain212 and other climate change
intensified issues.213 Creation of internal practice or policy to select climate resilient materials
that can withstand the adverse effects caused by atmospheric changes, such as acid rain.214
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Page 38 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Sherbrooke Village Pump House
8.32 In the event of a power outage the facility will begin to overflow into the river. Research
and planning associated with generator procurement, alternative overflow options, or
expansion of overflow capacity may be considered. This will reduce the risk of contamination
of the site and adverse effects on the surrounding ecosystem.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
8.33 The overhanging tree presents a property damage threat. A maintenance and
monitoring plan may be developed in partnership with Sherbrooke Village. This plan may
include monitoring responsibilities and removal guidelines.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
8.34 Indent or "grooving" around outside of building presents a standing water or pooling
issue, another example is the areas on pooling at the front of the building and road. Ensuring
proper drainage away from building through ground sloping or other engineered approaches
will protect the facility from damage associated with extreme weather events or flooding.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
Transfer Station Buildings and Equipment Office
8.35 The office is currently on the bottom part of the hill where the transfer station
infrastructure is located. This puts the space at risk of water damage in the event of an
extreme weather event. The hill is well-sloped to divert any rainfall down hill toward the
ditching system. The only vulnerable area is the office. In raising the building above the
current slope, installing a drainage system surrounding the building, or relocating the building
away from the drainage route the Municipality may be able to protect the building from water
damage.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
8.36 Removal of remaining oil tank located behind the office building may be done in the
short term.215 Leaving an existing tank in place and unused often leads to threat of breakdown
or leakage of the tank, which may require remediation of the contaminated area.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Page 39 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
8.37 Supports for the existing wildlife frequenting the area may be considered.216 This may
look like installing bird houses,217 providing training to staff on work safe practices associated
with known animal areas, 218 or ensuring there is safe access to clean water for the
creatures.219
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
8.38 Explore opportunities to rethink the concept of waste through waste diversion,
upcycling, or new programming initiatives.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
High
Port Bickerton Lighthouse
8.39 The hillside supporting the interpretive center and lighthouse is strong and provides
protection. Monitoring for erosion and soil weaknesses will need to continue. Addition of
targeted planting to enhance the security of the hillside and protect against erosion should
be considered. The addition of native plants, such as spirea and bayberry, create a vegetation
buffer which stabilizes the area, absorbs water, and slows-down erosion may be considered.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
8.40 Long-term planning, including considerations such as armouring of the shoreline, may
need to be considered. In being proactive in the planning and protection of the site due to
detrition of the area from sea level rise and storm surge the Municipality may provide the
opportunity to reduce the risk of damage to the historic lighthouse and its surrounding
structures.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
8.41 Drainage along the parking spaces and connecting drives may be addressed through
directional rainwater planning. This may include sloping of the surfaces, ditching, or a swale
system. Planning for runoff from future weather events provides protection from water
damage to the site and protects site users from incidents involving standing water.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
Page 40 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
8.42 Onsite storm planning may need to be developed. Storm planning may include measures
implemented to protect the site, post-event site damage assessment guidelines, and
response timetables following an extreme weather event. This planning may be completed in
conjunction with EMO and other appropriate entities.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Low
9.0 Municipal Roads
Concern Rating
Medium
9.1 When addressing climate change and their effects on roadways, partnership is key.
Engaging with local and regional representatives of the Department of Transportation and
Active Transit, the Municipality may strike a committee and work as a team to address issues
and locate financing for work to be completed.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
9.2 Fallen trees from a wind event, heavy snow, or ice may cause a road blockage making
access for residents to their homes and emergency response difficult. Work in partnership
with the provincial entities to establish setback regulations or vegetation buffers (which
currently are not regulated by provincial guidelines) to ensure minimal disruption in the case
of a weather event.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Low
High
9.3 Conclusive planning including immediate, intermediate, and long-term may be developed
to ensure the safety and proper financial investment into road infrastructure. These plans
may be developed on a singular roadway bases or with a whole approach. Considerations
may include age of current infrastructure, current short-falls, climate threats, and traffic
density as examples.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Page 41 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Bennets Loop and Cameron Road
9.4 Proper drainage, ditching, and washouts are issues to consider. The predicted increase in
large-scale rainfall events means drainage will be even more important for the future.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
9.5 Bennets Loop offers the opportunity as a location for a roadside wetland220 on the inside
curve of the loop, which is currently woodland and shaded. The wetland area would provide
water storage during weather events and will release water during dry seasons aiding in
balance for the surrounding environment while reducing dust pollution.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
9.6 Ditching plans accompanied with culverts and rainwater diversion may need to be
considered and implemented to allow for rainfall and snow pile-up. Planning for proper water
capturing and storage it will reduce the possibility of road washout and damage. Anti-erosion
techniques should be employed for the ditching in order to ensure waterway blockages are
limited and proficiency of the system may be maintained over time.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Hospital Road
9.7 Planning to ensure proper bank supports, both natural and engineered, may need to be
developed to ensure long-term safety of the roadway. This may include planting of vegetation
and trees to sure-up the bank and slow down erosion, or proper drainage during rain events,
winter thaw and ice flow blockages. The addition of retaining wall or riprap may need to be
planned for future development and protection of the roadway.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
9.8 Planning for emergency route access in conjunction with EMO and appropriate entities in
case of road washout or impassability may need to be completed. This plan should include
scenarios surrounding temporary road closures to full road wash-out. This plan may include
an evacuation plan for residents and hospital, power access guarantees for hospital, and
contingence planning.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
Page 42 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
9.9 Future considerations for roadways may include land procurement or acquisition in order
to shift the roadway farther from the waters edge to further guarantee emergency access to
the hospital.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Restoration Drive
9.10 Proximity to the water treatment facility makes Restoration Drive not only a residential
street, but may be an indicator to possible contamination of the water source. Monitoring of
water source, water level rise, mineral and chemical levels will enable early detection of issues
and allow for mitigation. Installation of a digital monitoring system at the water source
ensures early detection and provides staff with a database of information with which to study
any changes to the water system.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
High
9.11 Work with local homeowners to engage in shore monitoring and provide resources
surrounding shore restoration and maintenance information/funding. By fostering
relationships with homeowners, the Municipality will be alerted to water rise issues in a
timely manner allowing for adaptation effort.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
High
9.12 Explore options for ditching and drainage to address rain events and winter thaw.
Consideration should be made for curb appeal and property value reasoning. Conversation
with homeowners will ensure a pleasant development of drainage priorities and strengthen
the relationship between homeowners and municipal body.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Page 43 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Main Street
9.13 Flooding will be the biggest climate concern for Main Street. In order to avoid a flood in
the future drainage, water capturing, and diversion plans will need to be developed. The plan
should include future upgrades, EMO directives for road closures, and hazard assessment
guidelines. Street drainage for rains and flood water may be used as a mitigation method.
Instalment of drain grates and channels can reduce the risk of flooding and standing water,
and expansion of a closed drainage system may be implemented as part of future
infrastructure upgrades.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Medium
High
High
9.14 Rain gardens present a built infrastructure option for rainwater management. Rainwater
may be captured and put into holding tanks to be used for watering municipal flowers and
plants, or used in a community garden space.PP
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
Court Street
9.15 Drainage should be considered in anticipation of rainfall and snowmelt events.
Consideration made to the fact that Court Street adjoins to Main Street and without proper
road slope and drainage, water will pool at the base of Court Street causing washout and road
impassability. The far side connects to Sonora Road and High-Crest Nursing Home,221 which
presents a particular vulnerability. Planning to ensure runoff does not pool or flood the
nursing home may be considered and flooding mitigation plans developed to protect the
residents.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Port Bickerton Lighthouse Road
9.16 Protection of the wetland and marshes along the roads edge will need to be considered.
Placing protective rock or natural barriers between the roadway and delicate areas will
guarantee the continued success of the biodiverse areas and provide another buffer for the
roadways.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Page 44 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
9.17 Sea level rise and storm surge provide particular areas of concern for the Port Bickerton
Lighthouse Road. A long-term plan may need to be developed that includes identifying risks
and future climate change eventualities that will threaten the roadway. Eventually large-scale
change may need to be considered for the roadway to allow for future climate change
advancement. This may include realignment of the roadway away from the precarious ocean
edge, rebuilding the entire road to raise it significantly, or moving the roadway inland. Long-
term planning will ensure the viability of the lighthouse and beach as a tourism staple. This
plan should be completed in consultation with all appropriate entities, including the Port
Bickerton & Area Planning Association, to ensure all bodies involved endorse the plan.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
9.18 Safety assessment guidelines may need to be developed following a weather event
and/or before the beginning of the tourist season. The guidelines may include offset
guidelines, minimum road clearance standards, road condition assessment, and hazard
assessment. These guidelines will ensure safety of volunteers, public, and tourists when
accessing the site.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
9.19 Shoreline and sea-based wave breaks and diversion techniques may be considered. This
would slow down the waves and storm surge responsible for the deterioration of the
roadway. Such an approach will require multi-level governmental cooperation and support.
This work will require consultation and significant planning to ensure the changes would not
compromise the local fisher-people or native species.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Medium
Medium
Medium
4th Street/Sonora Road
9.20 The lower part of the road where it connects to Marine Drive has persistent pooling.
Pooling may lead to premature breakdown or deterioration of the roadway and provides a
safety risk. In an effort to curb pooling sloping pavement techniques may be considered.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
Page 45 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
9.21 Ditching and proper drainage may need to be included in long-term infrastructure
planning. Ensuring drainage routes remain maintained will allow runoff from rainfall or snow
melt events to be directed away from roadways and private property.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
9.22 The brook running under Manson's Bridge is at-risk of flooding during an extreme
weather event. The water level remains high even during dry seasons. Monitoring of the
water level and mitigation planning may need to take place. Overflow of the brook would not
only cause damage to the roadway but also the private residents and businesses surrounding
the water way.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
10.0 Municipal Green Spaces and Trail Systems
Concern Rating
Low
Municipally owned green spaces and trails are an excellent resource for community
engagement, climate change off-putting measures, and education opportunities.SP These spaces
are at a risk of threat from climate change implications such as flooding, sea level rise, erosion,
storm surge, winds, and temperature fluctuation damage. Considering options to address the
climate risks parallel to the opportunities presented in green spaces, the Municipality has the
opportunity to make a large impact in a short amount of time to the climate goal, while
bolstering the resident's access to areas of wellbeing and retreat.
10.1 Individual plans may be developed222 in partnership with appropriate entities to address
various climate scenarios connected to extreme weather events, which may include: wind,
flooding, erosion, storm surge, ecosystem failures, and land degradation. While there will be
crossover between the plans,223 having dedicated outcomes assigned to each location will
enable decision makers to address the threat and establish clear objectives for each location.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
10.2 Engaging in a planting initiative224 will act as a way to shore-up banks along the coast
that have been affected by erosion,PBT create natural protection against future storms and
extreme weather events, and purify the air.SWP/PP
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Medium
Low
Medium
Page 46 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
10.3 Temperature fluctuation will require public spaces to include natural shade mapping to
be a part of their future planning. Tree canopies act as natural air conditioning225 and provide
shade for visitors. Further developing the trial systems226 and connectivity will be providing
cool space for outdoor activityAL and contributing to the areas outdoor tourism draw.SP
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
10.4 In planting and promoting native plant species the Municipality not only ensures the
health of the green spaces, it also creates an environment that will enable native wildlife to
thrive.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
10.5 The opportunity to include edible plants and trees227 in the planting initiative will provide
an avenue for local food source.PP Partnering with the local St. Mary's Food Bank will ensure
the year's harvest goes to those in the community who have the greatest need while
beautifying and creating shade zones for community use.SSP
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
10.6 Habitat restoration228 work may be completed in conjunction with local groups, such as
St. Mary's River Association,229 to spotlight a particular species230 at-risk231 and create a hubSP
where residents and tourists could be educated on the risks associated, as well as the
techniques being employed locally that address them.PP/SWP
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
10.7 A study of the wetlands and coastal area 232 running along the Port Bickerton Trail
systems may be conducted to identify at-risk species and develop a plan to support
endangered species in the area.233 In utilizing these wet land and bog areas the Municipality
will be able to diversify the current plant population and create an atmosphere where at-risk
species can thrive. 234 This also offers the opportunity to extend the education program
currently provided at the lighthouses interpretive centre.235
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Low
Low
Page 47 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
10.8 Pursuing the planning 236 of greenspaces to fall under the natural play space 237
framework will enable residents and children to interact with the natural environment in an
educational sphere while being physically active.AL Developing signage identifying local plant
species, providing summaries of native wildlife that may be witnessed in the area, and
encouraging development of community clubs, such as a bird watching group, all lead to
greater engagement and education surrounding the natural environment, as well as the
benefits to mentalAL and physical health.SP
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
10.9 Engaging youth is recognized238 as a key to addressing climate change.239 Integrating
environmental and climate change education 240 into the pre-existing programs the
Municipality is arming the next generations with the information they need to be climate
stewards for the area.SP
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Educate
Low
High
Medium
10.10 Development of pollinator habitats will encourage a natural241 growth in the pollinators
populations and benefit local agriculture. 242 SWP/PP Pairing the pollinator habitats with
community gardens 243 in municipal greenspaces or supporting them in community-run
greenspaces will encourage community involvement, hands-on education, and municipal-
wide pollinator support. The community gardens may be used as an additional resource for
local food sources. There are various communities who have taken on beekeeping244 and its
educational245 properties may be planned for future expansion of greenspaces.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
10.11 Development of berms or vegetation barriers creates an unobtrusive view to the
natural area while acting as an assistant to drainage, providing a buffer from events, such as
high wind and storm surge, which would have otherwise damaged the surrounding
environment.PBT
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Medium
Medium
Medium
Page 48 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
10.12 Protection of wetlands will act as a barrier for flooding and storage system surrounding
drought periods. 246 Wetlands naturally hold water and slowly release them to the
surrounding areas in a sustainable manner reducing the risk of flooding following extreme
weather events.247 This process of releasing water benefits during drought or dry seasons
where the slow release of water allows the surrounding lands to remain moist, reducing the
risk of forest fire and ecosystem degradation. Protecting existing wetlandsPBT 248 and
supporting the developing new onesSWP 249 creates a natural water catchment and release
system for storm events, vast rainfall, and drought periods.250 Wetlands are some of the most
diverse ecosystems in the world, and often provide habitat for at risk or threatened
species.251
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Medium
Medium
High
10.13 Planning252 and collaboration with appropriate parties to reinforce shore linesPBT/PP with
rock or engineered solutions, such as a retaining wall, may be considered for the future.253
Having substantial reinforcement work along water edges will protect the area against
damage from rough waters, winds, storm surge and erosion.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
High
High
High
10.14 With the rise in extreme weather events, particularly along coastal areas, clean up and
damage assessment plans may need to be developed. This can be done by working in
conjunction with Public Works Department, Community Development, and other appropriate
entities to develop a checklist for municipally owned space assessment and cleanup. This may
include hazard markers and timeframes for assessments post-event. Having a predetermined
plan creates clear accountability and responsibility for all departments involved.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Low
10.15 Demonstrate forestry and land management related to climate change through
sustainable and ecologically based forestry management. This may look like a partnership with
upper levels of government or development of a community forest co-op.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Medium
Medium
Medium
Page 49 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
10.16 In anticipation of worsening climate change effects, planning of future infrastructure to
be removable in the case of an oncoming event may be prudent. For example, removable
board walk pieces that can be transported out of the storm surge zone during an event and
put back following its conclusion.PBT Congruently, planning for in-place securement of items,
picnic tables as an example, as to prevent them from becoming air-born and being a
hazard.PP/SWP Planning infrastructure to either withstand the effects of climate change or be
removed during times of threat, the Municipality is enabling a long-term approach to the
climate issue and infrastructure protection.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
High
High
High
11.0 Hazard Areas
Concern Rating
Medium
A hazard area is a space where climate change is threatening the local space. This could be a threat
from temperature fluctuations, sea level rise, or extreme weather. The threat could be to property,
ecosystems, or health and wellness. Recognizing hazard areas at the local level, will empower
decision makers to request funding, create plans, invest in preventative infrastructure, or work
with other levels of government to address the issue.
11.1 EMO planning in the event of a partial or complete washout of the roadway during a
storm event or flooding event may be undertaken. This plan may include various storm
scenarios, natural erosion scenarios, or infrastructure failure scenarios. The plan may be
completed in partnership with the local volunteer fire department(s) and other levels of
government where appropriate.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
High
11.2 Highlight and provide information to other levels of government surrounding the at-risk
area. Ensuring they are aware of the associated risk pertaining to the affected area allows for
preventative planning and implementation of measures to address the issue.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Direct
Low
High
Medium
Wharf Loop - Ecum Secum
Located adjacent to the shore, the roadway is directly
impacted by sea level rise and storm surge. The
increase in extreme weather over the past decade
have led to damage from increased wave action, high
winds and rainwater washouts. The area is used as an
access point for private residents and houses, and
the wharf used by local fisher-people. Over the years
there have been some minor road work completed,
including shoulder rock; however, the area will
require a more robust solution to combat the affects
of climate change.
Page 51 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Marine Drive - Marie Joseph
During recent storms water levels along the roads edge
have consistently risen to meet the roadway, and
coupled with winds and waves each storm are leading to
notable erosion along the coast side of the roadway. Lack
of deep rooting plants to secure soil has resulted in
continual run-off and loss following each season or
exacerbated by extreme weather events. There is some
rock to assist with reducing the effects on the roadway,
however the current rock is quite small and has not been
placed in a sustainable manner resulting in continual rock
loss to the sea during high wind/sea events.
11.3 The wharfs located on this section of roadway supports the local fisher-people. Working
with those whose livelihoods may be threatened by deterioration of the roadway and
surrounding infrastructure, develop an agreement on best practices to address the threat
considering the delicate nature of the fisheries in the area. This relationship will be beneficial
if the need arises to take large scale steps to curb the threat (e.g., engineered solution) in
ensuring all parties will be open to the discussion and solutions presented.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
Little Liscomb Wharf Road - Little Liscomb
The highlighted area along the roads edge is prone to
shoulder erosion due to proximity of roadway to
waters edge. Storm surge, sea level rise and lack of
deep-rooted perennial plant cover to slow down soil
erosion
have
contributed
to
the
continued
deterioration of the road's edge. Previously the
concern area has been fortified with armoured rock
to reduce the erosion effects; however, continued
impacts of climate change on the water's edge has
resulted in deterioration of the roadway and
flooding.
Page 52 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Jacks Cove - Little Liscomb Road
The highlighted area along the roads edge is prone to
shoulder erosion due to proximity of roadway to
waters edge. Storm surge, sea level rise and lack of
deep-rooted perennial plant cover to slow down soil
erosion
have
contributed
to
the
continued
deterioration of the road's edge. Previously the
concern area has been fortified with armoured rock
to reduce the erosion effects; however, continued
impacts of climate change on the water's edge has
resulted in deterioration of the roadway and
flooding.
Sonora South - Sonora
Running along the coast the roadway takes
significant damage from the seas, wind and rain.
Following weather events, in which wind and wave
activity are increasing, the swells will lift large rock
on to the roadway causing blockages that require
machinery to clear. The roadway is being eroded
by sea level rise and lack of deep-rooted plantings
to reduce runoff and protect the integrity of the
roadway. Over the years attempts have been
made to protect the roadway, including, placing of
rock and minor rising of the roadway through
gravel. The issues persists and have increased in
the scale of damage to the roadway.
Page 53 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Sonora Road - Port Hilford
The section of Sonora Road being impacted runs
along the brook joining Port Hilford Harbour to Indian
Harbour Lake. The roadway experiences flooding,
sediment build up, erosion and washouts. Over the
past several years dredging, building up of the
roadway, and installation of rock have all been used
as tools to bolster the road against associated
damage. To date flooding is still a high threat and
erosion is ongoing.
Highway 211/West Side Indian Harbour Lake - Indian Harbour Lake
With detrition of the wharf located in Port Hilford
Harbor, which has previously acted as a
breakwater, water and sediments has begun
backwashing into the lake. The rising water levels,
coupled with the increasing intensity of storms
have led to negative effects that are felt in the lake
and are threatening the roadways, residential
homes and properties. Increased levels of erosion,
higher rates of flooding and threats of extreme
weather implications are high areas on concern in
this space.
11.4 Engage with home and property owners in the effected area to catalogue current erosion
levels to be used as a baseline for future measurements, provide education surrounding
protection of property techniques from erosion, and to begin relationship building which will
foster buy-in and in-put when developing issues addressing options.
Action Type
Cost
Leverage
Impact
Partner
Low
Medium
Medium
Page 54 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Port Hilford - Highway 211
The bank supporting the roadway, which provides
the only road access to the Western section of the
municipality, is steadily eroding. Previously the
bank had been able to support a small building and
various trees, and in its current state there is only a
small roadside remaining. Storm surge, erosion, sea
level rise and detrition of the wharf that had
previously acted as a breakwater for the beach area
have all contributed to the rapid erosive state
currently taking place.
Hattie Road - Glenelg
Proximity of the roadway to St. Mary's River places
the roadway and residents at risk of flooding.
Particularly during the spring thaw, associated ice
run results in ice jams along this section of the
river. The flooding, in the past, has blocked the
road, washed out sections, created sediment pools
on residential property and damaged buildings.
Page 55 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Highway 348 - Silver's Pool Bridge to Glenelg Church Road
The highlighted area lies directly along the St.
Mary's River, and its direct proximity to the
waterway and low-lying landscape makes it
vulnerable to flooding. Flooding that has occurred
along this roadway over the past several years has
been caused by extreme weather events, ice jams
and spring run-off. These events have resulted in
closure of the road, damage to the agricultural
fields and damage to infrastructure.
Neverfail Cove - Fisherman's Harbour Road
Located just east of the Fisherman's Harbour
Wharf, the cove area has been hit particularly hard
by erosion associated with sea level rise, storm
surge and extreme weather events. The cove is
used as an access point to launch boats for the
locals, and while this use needs to be considered,
the overall health of the cove and roadway must
be addressed. In the past armoured rock has been
brought in and remains on site to be installed along
the roadway. There is very little vegetation to aid
in soil management and clear exposure lines to the
incoming sea winds present a threat.
Page 56 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
12.0 Conclusion
Climate change resiliency, adaptation and mitigation will require a joint effort across all
community members of the municipality. Residents may need to make choices or change
behaviors to address the climate threat, businesses may be required to adopt innovative
practices, and municipal decision makers may be the example of what it means to be a leader in
the climate resiliency system. Providing resources, education and support to all the pillars of the
community, from youth to council, will empower St. Mary's to take the steps required to meet
climate change goals.
The improved resilience system provides guidance for all parties to move forward with
positive and equitable efforts. These efforts may be achieved with resources, education and
support championed for, or provided by, the Municipality. Through the pillars of the
community it will empower the Municipality of the District of St. Mary's against
the risks of climate change while meeting the reduction goals.
In order to cultivate the required changes to meet the municipal climate change goals and foster
a community of climate resiliency, the committee compiled a short-list of action items. These
items are the building blocks to meet the targets. Each action item was selected thoughtfully and
weighed against its opportunities surrounding the environment, wellbeing and level of impact.
Decision makers in the community are encouraged to include climate change action in their
current and future planning.
Recommendations
Green House Gases
1.1 Electric vehicle charging stations provide an opportunity to encourage residents and
visitors to the area with an alternative way to travel. In having access to charging stations, the
Municipality shows an outward commitment to being climate forward and climate conscious.
2.10 Work with outside partners to pursue opportunities to invest in sustainable affordable
housing. Funding programs such as the Green Municipal Fund offers funding and pilot project
options that can cover up to 80% of project costs.
2.3 Canada Greener Homes grants offers up to a $5000 grant to homeowners for energy
efficient upgrades including solar panels, heat pumps and smart thermostats. Providing
education and awareness of the various funding programs available for energy efficient
upgrades, the Municipality is empowering the residents to be proactive in addressing climate
change in the home.
Page 57 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Temperature Fluctuations
3.7 Conduct a study of access to drinking water, including needs and barriers for residents
that access clean drinking water. The reliance of drinking water from a secondary source
(hauling water from a local drinking stream) for many rural residents creates a particular
challenge that will need to be highlighted in the process of a study.
Sea Level Rise
4.4 Lobby for various sites along the coast to be included in the provincial groundwater
monitoring program. To date there is only one monitoring site in Guysborough County and
zero anywhere along the coast. The data from water monitoring locations could then be
used to develop prediction mapping and planning for future water protection measures.
Extreme Weather
5.1 Plans to address given scenarios will need to be developed in partnership with EMO,
local volunteer fire departments, provincial response and community organizations.
Scenarios to consider planning may include: long-term power outage (winter/summer),
roadway closures due to washout or downed trees.
Health and Wellness
6.13 Plan programs focused on coping with mental health such as meditation classes, art
workshops and nature based activates.
Ecosystems
7.5 Encourage and provide information on sustainable forestry practices, such as forest
certification, to encourage woodlot owners to shift their practices toward sustainability,
including best practice guides. Highlight available funding opportunities associated with
programs such as silviculture. Explore the possibility of training associated with assisted
migration planting to inform woodlot owners of the technique, climate mitigation
implications and benefit to their woodlots.
Municipal Buildings
8.6 Embankment monitoring, evaluation and response practices may be developed. These
practices may begin by developing a baseline of current daily levels and some recent extreme
weather event maximums. This will allow for clear indication of rising waters, or what to
anticipate as capacity in the event of future weather events and make appropriate predictions
to which responses may be modeled after.
Page 58 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
Municipal Roads
9.3 Conclusive planning including immediate, intermediate, and long-term may be developed
to ensure the safety and proper financial investment into road infrastructure. These plans
may be developed on a singular roadway basis or with a whole approach. Considerations may
include age of current infrastructure, current short-falls, climate threats and traffic density as
examples.
Municipal Greenspaces and Trails
10.11 Wetlands naturally hold water and slowly release them to the surrounding areas in a
slow and sustainable manner reducing the risk of flooding following extreme weather
events. This process of releasing water benefits during drought or dry seasons where the
slow release of water allows the surrounding lands to remain moist, reducing the risk of
forest fire and ecosystem degradation. Protecting existing wetlandsPBT and supporting the
developing new onesSWP creates a natural water catchment and release system for storm
events, vast rainfall, and during drought. Wetlands are some of the most diverse ecosystems
in the world, and often provide habitat for at risk or threatened species.
Hazard Areas
12.1 The committee proposes an annual list of areas be complied and submitted to the province
for consideration, similar to the paving of roads or the Gravel Road Program. In being proactive
and submitting a list of concern areas to the Province, will not only bring those concerns to the
attention of a higher levels of government, but will raise the hazard areas in the public conscious
and that of local decision makers.
In the creation of the Climate Change Action Plan, the Municipality has signaled the
commitment to climate action in St. Mary's and recognized the importance of building in climate
resiliency for the Municipality. Focusing on positive community action, plus integrating
resiliency-based practices and policies into the municipal toolbox will ensure the long-term
viability of the area. Through continual commitment on the part of decision makers, use of the
improved resilience framework, and encouragement of community involvement we have created the
framework for climate success in The Municipality of the District of St. Mary's.
Page 59 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
SSP--Streetscapes Plan
SP--Strategic Plan
ASP--Active Sherbrooke Plan
SW--Source Water Protection Plan
AL--Active Living Strategy
SWP--Stonewall Park
PP--Pioneer Park
PBT--Port Bickerton Lighthouse Trail
1
Province
of
Nova
Scotia.
(2014).
Climate
impacts.
https://climatechange.novascotia.ca/climate-
impacts#:~:text=In%20Nova%20Scotia%2C%20climate%20change,more%20frequent%20and%20extreme
%20storms
2 Lackenbaurer, W., & Kirkkert, P. (2020). Measuring the success of the Canadian Rangers.
https://www.naadsn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Rangers-Success-Metrics-Lackenbauer-Kikkert-
upload.pdf
3United Nations. (2016). UN/DESA policy Brief #49: Data and statistics for climate change RESILIENCE | Department
of economic and social affairs. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/wess-policy-
brief-data-and-statistics-for-climate-change-resilience
4 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2015). Coastal community resilience indicators and rating
system. https://coast.noaa.gov/data/digitalcoast/pdf/resilience-indicators.pdf
5 Riebeek, H. (2011). The carbon cycle. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/CarbonCycle
6 NASA. (2021). What is the greenhouse effect. https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/19/what-is-the-greenhouse-effect/
7 World Health Organization. (2021). Heatwaves. https://www.who.int/health-topics/heatwaves#tab=tab_1
8 Knutson, T. (2021). Global warming and hurricanes. https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes/
9 Government of Canada. (2020). Climate change and fire. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forests-
forestry/wildland-fires-insects-disturban/climate-change-fire/13155
10 Government of Canada. (2019). Changes in precipitation. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-
change/services/climate-change/canadian-centre-climate-services/basics/trends-projections/changes-
precipitation.html
11 Municipal Energy and Emissions Database. (2021) https://meed.info/en/ca/dashboard/emissions
12 https://meed.info/en/ca/dashboard/emissions
13 Tiseo, I. (2021). Per capita greenhouse gases emissions in Canada 1990-
2019. https://www.statista.com/statistics/503164/volume-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions-per-capita-in-
canada/
14 Wilson, G. (2019). Bill no. 23.
https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/PDFs/annual%20statutes/2019%20Fall/c026.pdf
Page 60 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
15 Government of Canada. (2021). Zero emissions vehicle infrastructure program. An act to achieve environmental
goals and sustainable prosperity. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-efficiency/transportation-alternative-
fuels/zero-emission-vehicle-infrastructure-program/21876
16 Port Bickerton Lighthouse Association. (2021). Port Bickerton Lighthouse Interpretive Centre & Gift Shop.
https://www.portbickertonlighthouse.ca/
17 Nova Scotia Power. (2021). Charging stations. https://www.nspower.ca/your-home/energy-products/electric-
vehicles/charging-stations
18 Tourism Guysborough County Association. (2021). Tourism Guysborough county association Facebook page.
https://www.facebook.com/tourismguysboroughco/
19 NovaScotia.com. (2021). Eastern shore. https://www.novascotia.com/places-to-go/regions/eastern-shore
20 Federation of Canadian Municipalities. (2021). New electric vehicle-sharing system reduces emissions and
generates revenue. https://fcm.ca/en/programs/green-municipal-fund/compendium/compendium-case-
studies/new-electric-vehicle-sharing-system-reduces-emissions
21 Federation
of
Canadian
Municipalities.
(2021).
Pilot
project:
reduce
fossil
fuel
in
fleets.
https://fcm.ca/en/funding/gmf/pilot-project-reduce-fossil-fuel-use-in-fleets
22 Government of Canada. (2020). Zero-emission vehicles. https://tc.canada.ca/en/road-transportation/innovative-
technologies/zero-emission-vehicles#/qsandas
23 The Ecology Action Centre. (2010). Nova Scotia idle-less: a compendium of idling reduction options.
https://ecologyaction.ca/files/images-
documents/file/Transportation/EAC_Trax_Provincial_Idleless_May82010-double%20sided%20version.pdf
24 Town of Wolfville. (2010). Idle control by-law.
https://www.wolfville.ca/component/com_docman/Itemid,300/alias,85-ch-93-idling-control-
bylaw/category_slug,bylaws/view,download/
25 Clean Nova Scotia. (2011). Idle-free toolkit for municipalities. https://nsfm.ca/doclink/idle-free-toolkit-for-
municipalalites/eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJpZGxlLWZyZWUtdG9vbGtpdC1mb3Itb
XVuaWNpcGFsYWxpdGVzIiwiaWF0IjoxNjIyNDcyNzQzLCJleHAiOjE2MjI1NTkxNDN9.8Ki6FIff0yh6mZvTj4fq0
cy-_fAMX6HwOfPMYKf9ins
26 Government of Canada. (2021). Fuel-efficient driving techniques. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-
efficiency/transportation-alternative-fuels/personal-vehicles/fuel-efficient-driving-techniques/21038
27 Eco Driving Online. Eco driving. https://solutions.ca/ecodriving/en/story_html5.html
28 @NS Community Technology. (2020). Find a Nova Scotia site. https://www.communitytechns.ca/guysborough
29 Antigonish Community Transit. (2021). Welcome to the home of Antigonish Community Transit Society the way
to go. https://antigonishcts.ruralrides.ca/
30 Government of Canada. (2020). Building strong cities through investment in public transit.
https://www.infrastructure.gc.ca/plan/ptif-fitc-eng.html
31 Blueroute.ca. (2021). Connecting Nova Scotia with one continuous, comfortable, convenient bicycle route
network. http://blueroute.ca/
32 Blueroute.ca. (2021). Bicycle wayfinding guide. https://blueroute.ca/wayfinding-guide/
33
Port
Bickerton
Community
Centre.
(nd).
Port
Bickerton
Community
Centre
Facebook
page. https://www.facebook.com/groups/541965369225987/
34 Visit Guysborough. (2021). Greenfield Oldsters Club. https://www.visitguysborough.ca/greenfield-oldsters-club/
Page 61 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
35 EVAssist. (2020). Rebates. https://evassist.ca/rebates/
36 Bicycle Nova Scotia. (2020). Why take can bike?. https://bicycle.ns.ca/courses/
37
Government
of
Nova
Scotia.
(2021).
Energuide
energy
efficiency
home
evaluations.
https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-efficiency/energuide/energuide-energy-efficiency-home-
evaluations/20552
38
Efficiency
Nova
Scotia.
(2021).
Homewarming.
https://www.efficiencyns.ca/residential/programs-
services/homewarming/
39 Government of Canada. (2021). Canada greener homes grant. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-
efficiency/homes/canada-greener-homes-grant/23441
40 Efficiency Nova Scotia. (2021). Improve your home's energy effiency, get rebates to help.
https://www.efficiencyns.ca/residential/programs-services/home-energy-assessment/
41
Government
of
Nova
Scotia.
(2021).
Energuide
energy
efficiency
home
evaluations.
https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-efficiency/energuide/energuide-energy-efficiency-home-
evaluations/20552
42 Efficiency Nova Scotia. (2021). Home energy assessment eligibility criteria. https://www.efficiencyns.ca/home-
energy-assessment-eligibility-criteria/
43 Efficiency Nova Scotia. (2021). Heating system rebates. https://www.efficiencyns.ca/residential/products-
rebates/heating-system-rebates/
44 Efficiency Nova Scotia. (nd). Green heat water heating rebate application. https://www.efficiencyns.ca/wp-
content/uploads/2018/07/Green-Heat-Water-Heating-Application-Form-1.pdf
45 Efficiency Nova Scotia. (2021). Free energy efficient products and installation.
https://www.efficiencyns.ca/residential/programs-services/free-energy-efficient-products/
46
Blatchford
West
-Stage
One
Green
Building
Codes.
(2019).
Final
design
checklist.
https://www.greenenergyfutures.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Final-Design-Checklist-Green-
Building-Code-1.jpg
47 Government of Canada. (2020). Public review on proposed changes to codes Canada publications- winter 2020.
https://nrc.canada.ca/en/certifications-evaluations-standards/codes-canada/public-review-proposed-
changes-codes-canada-publications-winter-2020
48 Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. (nd). Property assessed clean energy programs.
https://www.energy.gov/eere/slsc/property-assessed-clean-energy-programs
49
Canada
Green
Building
Council.
(2021).
LEED:
the
international
mark
of
excellence.
https://www.cagbc.org/CAGBC/LEED/CAGBC/Programs/LEED/_LEED.aspx?hkey=43680f7a-
955c-4345-9983-e8cb8683121a
50 Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. (2021). Develop new affordable housing. https://www.cmhc-
schl.gc.ca/en/professionals/industry-innovation-and-leadership/industry-expertise/affordable-
housing/develop-affordable-housing
51 Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. (2021). Develop new affordable housing. https://www.cmhc-
schl.gc.ca/en/professionals/industry-innovation-and-leadership/industry-expertise/affordable-
housing/develop-affordable-housing
52 https://fcm.ca/en/funding/gmf/pilot-project-retrofit-new-construction-sustainable-affordable-housing
53 International Panel on Climate Change. (2021). AR6 climate change 2021: the physical science basis.
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/
Page 62 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
54 Lindsey, R., & Dahlman, L. (2021). Global change: global temperature. https://www.climate.gov/news-
features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature
55 Province of Nova Scotia. (2014). Climate data for Nova Scotia. https://climatechange.novascotia.ca/climate-data
56 https://climatechange.novascotia.ca/climate-data
57 The Province of Nova Scotia. (2021). Check before you burn. https://novascotia.ca/burnsafe/
58 Fire Smart Canada. (nd). Three steps to cost-effective wildfire home protection.
https://www.intactcentreclimateadaptation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/3-Steps-to-Wildfire-
Protection.pdf
59 Ad Council. (2021). Backyard debris burning. https://smokeybear.com/en/prevention-how-tos/backyard-debris-
burning
60 American Red Cross. (2021). How to prevent wildfires. https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-
emergencies/types-of-emergencies/wildfire/how-to-prevent-wildfires.html
61 Province of Nova Scotia. (nd). Campfire safety. https://novascotia.ca/natr/campfires/?wbdisable=true
62 Municipality of the District of St. Mary's. (2021). Protective Services. https://www.saint-marys.ca/protective-
services.html
63 Municipality of the District of St. Mary's. (2017). Fire Services Policy. https://www.saint-marys.ca/policies-
bylaws/164-fire-services-policy-amend-dec-2017/file.html
64
Province
of
Nova
Scotia.
(2014).
Community
event
emergency
response
planning.
https://beta.novascotia.ca/documents/community-event-emergency-response-planning-guide-municipal-
emergency-managers-and-event-planners
65 Voyent Alert! (nd). Voyent Alert stay alert, stay connected. https://voyent-alert.com/ca/
66 Alliance for Water Efficiency. (2011). Saving water - tips for residential use. https://www.home-water-
works.org/water-conservation-tips/home
67
Environment
Canada.
(1995).
Water
conservation.
https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/docs/WaterConservation.pdf
68
Efficiency
Nova
Scotia.
(2021).
Free
energy
efficient
products
and
installation.
https://www.efficiencyns.ca/residential/programs-services/free-energy-efficient-products/
69 Government of Canada. (2020). Sustaining healthy communities through a new clean water and wastewater fund.
https://www.infrastructure.gc.ca/plan/cwwf-fepeu-eng.html
70
Government
of
Canada.
(2021).
Ecoaction
community
funding
program.
https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-funding/ecoaction-
community-program.html
71 Federation of Canadian Municipalities. (2021). Pilot project: water conservation, community project.
https://www.fcm.ca/en/funding/gmf/pilot-project-water-conservation-community-project
72 Province of Nova Scotia. (2020). Overview of the new public drinking water supply program.
https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/publicwateroverview.asp
73 https://fcm.ca/en/funding/gmf/pilot-project-water-conservation-community-project
74 Province of Nova Scotia. (nd). Apply for funding to support high priority municipal infrastructure projects:
provincial capital assistance program. https://beta.novascotia.ca/apply-funding-support-high-priority-
municipal-infrastructure-projects-provincial-capital-assistance-program
75 Kurylyk, B., & Cantelon, J. (2020). Science hour- saltwater intrusion in eastern Canada: history, future vulnerability,
and research opportunities and freshwater decline and salinization on Sable Island, Nova Scotia: an
investigation
to
inform
management
in
the
face
of
climate
Page 63 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
change. https://www.dal.ca/faculty/science/newsevents/events/2020/10/07/science_hour___saltwater_i
ntrusion_in_eastern_canada__history__future_vulnerability__and_research_opportunities_and_freshwa
ter_decline_and_salinization_on_sable_island__nova_scotia__an_investigation_to_inform_management
_in_the_face_of_climate_change.html
76 NASA.
(nd).
Understanding
sea
level.
https://sealevel.nasa.gov/understanding-sea-level/global-sea-
level/overview
77 International Panel on Climate Change. (2014). AR5 synthesis report: climate change 2014.
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
78 Government of Canada. (2016). Canadian extreme water level adaption tool (CAN-EWLAT) 1197 Marie
Joseph. https://www.bio.gc.ca/science/data-donnees/can-ewlat/selected-location-
en.php?location_id=526
79 https://www.bio.gc.ca/science/data-donnees/can-ewlat/selected-location-en.php?location_id=526
80 NovaScotia.com. (2021). Eastern Shore. https://www.novascotia.com/places-to-go/regions/eastern-shore
81
Higgins,
H.
(2017).
Fortress
of
Louisbourg
prepares
to
defend
itself
against
flood
waters. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/climate-change-sea-level-storm-surge-flood-
protection-historic-site-1.4298298
82 Sealevelrise.ca. (2018). Educating coastal communities about sea-level rise. http://www.sealevelrise.ca/
83 CBCD. (nd). RRRF program. https://www.cbdc.ca/en
84 Nova Scotia Business INC. (2021). Work in Nova Scotia business climate.
https://www.novascotiabusiness.com/livehere/work/business-community/business-climate
85 Province of Nova Scotia. (2019). Coastal protection act. https://nslegislature.ca/legislative-business/bills-
statutes/bills/assembly-63-session-2/bill-106
86 National Ocean Service. (nd). What is shoreline armouring? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/shoreline-
armoring.html
87 Prince Edward Island Department of Environment, Labour and Justice. (2011). Saltwater intrusion and climate
change.
A
primer
for
local
and
provincial
decision
makers. http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/cle_WA1.pdf
88
Province
of
Nova
Scotia.
(2020).
Groundwater
observation
well
network.
https://novascotia.ca/nse/groundwater/groundwaternetwork.asp
89 Mercer Clarke, C.S.L. & Clarke, A.J. (2018). Primer one Canada's changing climate. https://www.aapc-
csla.ca/sites/cslaaapc.ca/files/Climate/VOLUME%201%20Canada's%20Changing%20Climate%202018.pdf
90
Province
of
Nova
Scotia.
(nd).
Climate
impacts.
https://climatechange.novascotia.ca/climate-
impacts#:~:text=In%20Nova%20Scotia%2C%20climate%20change,changes%20will%20have%20many%20
impacts
91 Province of Nova Scotia. (nd). Climate data for Nova Scotia. https://climatechange.novascotia.ca/climate-
data?tid=7#climate-data-map
92 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2021). NOAA predicts another active Atlantic hurricane
season. https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/noaa-predicts-another-active-atlantic-hurricane-season
93 https://www.saint-marys.ca/protective-services.html
94
Province
of
Nova
Scotia.
(2017).
Emergencies
and
extreme
weather
events.
https://novascotia.ca/nse/environmental-health/emergencies-and-extreme-weather.asp
95 High-Crest Enterprises Limited. (nd). Sherbrooke. http://high-crest.com/facilities/sherbrooke/
Page 64 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
96 Nova Scotia Power. (2021). Electrical thermal storage. https://www.nspower.ca/your-home/energy-
products/electric-thermal-
storage?gclid=CjwKCAjw_JuGBhBkEiwA1xmbRaxDj0r9RCnYXs6wZjHXDJbhadUMWASq9bBB7jAtxa1OQ9IA
W0ybkhoCjHEQAvD_BwE
97 Province of Nova Scotia. (2021). Area offices. https://novascotia.ca/tran/highways/areaoffices.asp
98 Province of Nova Scotia. (nd). Emergency services provider fund. https://beta.novascotia.ca/apply-funding-buy-
equipment-thats-used-directly-response-fire-or-emergency-emergency-services-provider-fund
99 Government of Canada. (2015). Before an emergency. https://www.getprepared.gc.ca/cnt/hzd/bfr-en.aspx
100 Canadian Red Cross. (2021). Be ready: emergency preparedness and recovery. https://www.redcross.ca/how-
we-help/emergencies-and-disasters-in-canada/be-ready-emergency-preparedness-and-recovery
101 Nova
Scotia
Power.
(2021).
Preparing
for
storm
season:
your
power
outage
checklist.
https://www.nspower.ca/about-us/articles/details/articles/2020/09/16/preparing-for-storm-season-
your-power-outage-checklist
102
Government
of
Canada.
(2021).
Your
emergency
preparedness
guide.
https://www.getprepared.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/yprprdnssgd/index-en.aspx
103
Government
of
Canada.
(2021).
Emergency
preparedness
week
toolkit. https://www.getprepared.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/ep-wk/tlkt-en.aspx
104 Voyent Alert! (nd). Stay alert. Stay connected. https://voyent-alert.com/ca/
105 Voyent Alert! (nd). Stay connected and informed. https://voyent-alert.com/ca/community/#registration
106
Federation
of
Canadian
Municipalities.
(2021).
Capital
project:
signature
initiative.
https://fcm.ca/en/funding/gmf/capital-project-signature-initiative
107 Government of Canada. (2013). Reducing flood damage. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-
change/services/water-overview/quantity/reducing-flood-damage.html
108
Nova
Scotia
Power.
(2021).
Underground
power
lines.
https://www.nspower.ca/about-
us/reliability/underground-power-lines
109 Province of Nova Scotia. (nd). Transportation. https://climatechange.novascotia.ca/adapting-to-climate-
change/impacts/transportation
110 Government of Canada. (2021). Steps you can take to stay connected. https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/et-
tdu.nsf/eng/h_wj00316.html
111 Government of Canada. (2021). Steps you can take to stay connected. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-
health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2019-
45/issue-5-may-2-2019/article-1-health-solution-climate-change-risks-solutions.html
112
World
Health
Organization.
(2021).
Heat
and
health.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/climate-change-heat-and-health
113 United Nations. (nd). Water and climate change. https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/climate-change/
114 Irfan, U. (2011). Climate change may make insect-borne diseases harder to control.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-change-may-make-insect-born-diseases-harder-
control/
115 World
Health
Organization.
(2017).
Radiation:
ultraviolet
(uv)
radiation
and
skin
cancer.
https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/radiation-ultraviolet-(uv)-radiation-and-skin-cancer
116 Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. (2021). Extreme allergies and climate change.
https://www.aafa.org/extreme-allergies-and-climate-change/
117 Government of Canada. (2017). Canadian smog science assessment highlights and key messages.
https://www.ec.gc.ca/air/default.asp?lang=En&n=72F82C27-2&printfullpage=true#ws760B91DD
Page 65 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
118 Schnitter, R. & Berry, P. (2019). The climate change, food security and human health nexus in Canada: a
framework to protect population health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6678521/
119 American Public Health Association. (2019). Addressing the impacts of climate change on mental health and well-
being.
https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-
database/2020/01/13/addressing-the-impacts-of-climate-change-on-mental-health-and-well-being
120 Nova Scotia Health Authority. (nd). Welcome to the provincial website for the Nova Scotia Community Health
Boards. https://www.communityhealthboards.ns.ca
121
Canadian
Red
Cross.
(2019).
Tips
to
help
you
stay
safe
during
hot
weather.
https://www.redcross.ca/blog/2019/7/tips-to-help-you-stay-safe-during-hot-weather
122 Province of Nova Scotia. (2002). Health and safety. https://novascotia.ca/lae/healthandsafety/heatstress.asp
123 Province of Nova Scotia. (nd). Test the well water. https://novascotia.ca/well-water-testing/
124
Nova
Scotia
Department
of
Energy
and
Mines.
(nd).
Testing
your
private
well.
https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a1cf639fda644d65978648d4ff7833bb
125 Province of Nova Scotia. (2019). Environment. https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/privatewells.asp
126 Government of Canada. (2021). Infectious disease and climate change fund. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-
health/services/funding-opportunities/infectious-diseases-climate-change-fund.html
127 Voyent Alert! (nd). Download and registration. https://voyent-alert.com/ca/community/#registration
128 NS211. (nd). St. Mary's District Food Bank. https://ns.211.ca/services/st-marys-district-food-bank/
129
Government
of
Canada.
(2021).
Call
for
applications:
the
intersectoral
action
fund.
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/funding-opportunities/grant-contribution-funding-
opportunities/call-for-applications-intersectoral-action-fund.html#s4
130 Government of Canada. (2017). Sun safety basics. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/sun-
safety/sun-safety-basics.html#a2
131
Canadian
Cancer
Society.
(nd).
Sunsense
teaching
guide,
grade
1
to
3. https://www.cancer.ca/~/media/cancer.ca/ON/prevention%20and%20screening/live%20well/Sunsens
e/Teaching-Guide-Grade-1-to-3.pdf
132 Sun Safety at Work. (2021). Enhancing sun safety in Canadian workplaces. https://sunsafetyatwork.ca/
133 Canadian Dermatology Association. (2021). Sunscreen. https://dermatology.ca/recognized-products/sunscreen/
134 Government of Canada. (2018). Skin cancer. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/sun-safety/skin-
cancer.html
135 Canadian Cancer Society. (2021). Be sun safe. https://www.cancer.ca/en/prevention-and-screening/reduce-
cancer-risk/make-healthy-choices/be-sun-safe/?region=on
136 Government of Canada. (2018). About the UV index. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-
change/services/weather-health/uv-index-sun-safety/about.html
137
Government
of
Canada.
(2019).
https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-risks-
safety/radiation/types-sources/ultraviolet.html
138 Melanoma Network of Canada. (nd). Winter sun awareness. https://www.melanomanetwork.ca/wintersun/
139 Canadian Skin Cancer Foundation. (2018). Sun safety education.
https://www.canadianskincancerfoundation.com/sun-safety/
140 Government of Canada. (2021). Nova Scotia - air quality health index - provincial summary.
https://weather.gc.ca/airquality/pages/provincial_summary/ns_e.html
141
Government
of
Canada.
(2016).
How
to
use
the
air
quality
health
index.
https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/air-quality-health-index/use.html
142 American Lung Association. (2021). Clean air at home. https://www.lung.org/clean-air/at-home
Page 66 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
143 American Lung Association. (2021). Clean air at work. https://www.lung.org/clean-air/at-work
144
WebMD
LLC.
(2021).
Having
a
bad
air
day?
Improve
your
indoor
air
quality.
https://www.webmd.com/women/features/indoor-air
145 Efficiency Nova Scotia. (2021). Tools & resources. https://www.efficiencyns.ca/tools-resources/
146 Government of Canada. (2021). Growing Canada's forest program. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-and-
data/funding-partnerships/funding-opportunities/forest-sector-funding-programs/growing-canadas-
forests-program/23308
147 1st St. Mary's Scouts Group. (nd). 1st St. Mary's Scouts Group. https://www.facebook.com/stmarysscouts/
148 Government of Canada. (2020). Mental health promotion innovation fund (mhp-if)- action and knowledge on the
determinants of health among people and communities in Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-
health/services/funding-opportunities/grant-contribution-funding-opportunities/mental-health-
promotion-innovation-fund.html
149 Nova Scotia Health Authority. (nd). Wellness funds. https://www.communityhealthboards.ns.ca/wellness-funds
150 Mental Health Foundation of Nova Scotia. (2020). Grants. https://www.mentalhealthns.ca/grants
151 Pharmacy Association of Nova Scotia. (2021). Mental health resources. https://pans.ns.ca/mental-health-
resources
152 Province of Nova Scotia. (2013). Mental health services. https://novascotia.ca/dhw/mental-health/
153 Greenbelt Foundation. (2021). Mental health in a changing climate. https://www.greenbelt.ca/mentalhealth
154
The
Mayo
Clinic.
(2017).
Mental
health:
overcoming
the
stigma
of
mental
health.
(https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/in-depth/mental-health/art-20046477
155
Corliss,
J.
(2014).
Mindfulness
meditation
may
ease
anxiety,
mental
stress
https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/mindfulness-meditation-may-ease-anxiety-mental-stress-
201401086967
156 Martin, B. (2020) Brain research shows the arts promote mental health. https://ucalgary.ca/news/brain-
research-shows-arts-promote-mental-health
157
Nigro,
S.
(2018)
The
Connection
between
Nature
and
Mental
Health.
https://naturecanada.ca/news/blog/mental-health-week/
158 Government of Canada. (2019) Census Profile. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-
pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&G
159 Dawicki, S. (2019) New Tool Can Help Nova Scotia Lobster Fishery Address Impacts of Climate Change.
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/news/new-tool-can-help-nova-scotia-lobster-fishery-address-impacts-
climate-change
160 World Wildlife Federation. (nd) https://wwf.ca/about-us/living-planet-report-canada-2017/
161
National
Oceanic
and
Atmospheric
Administration.
What
is
Ocean
Acidification.
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/acidification.html
162 Ocean Interpreter. (2018) The Effects of Ocean Acidification on the Marine Food Chain.
https://climateinterpreter.org/content/effects-ocean-acidification-marine-food-chain
163 Nova Scotia Invasive Species Council. (nd) Protecting Our Natural Areas From Invasive Species.
http://nsinvasives.ca/what-are-invasive-alien-species/
164 Wild Habitat Canada. (nd) Community Conservation Action Program. https://whc.org/ccap/
Page 67 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
165 Government of Nova Scotia. (2013) Species at Risk Overview. https://novascotia.ca/natr/wildlife/biodiversity/at-
risk-
overview.asp#:~:text=Species%20at%20Risk%20conservation%20and,seriously%20at%20risk%20of%20ex
tinction.
166 Government of Nova Scotia. Species At Risk - Recovery Update. https://novascotia.ca/natr/wildlife/species-at-
risk/
167 Museum of Natural History. Species at Risk in Nova Scotia. https://naturalhistory.novascotia.ca/our-natural-
history/reptiles-and-amphibians/species-risk-nova-scotia
168 Earth Rangers. https://www.earthrangers.com/
169 David Suzuki Foundation. Nature-Based Solutions. https://davidsuzuki.org/project/nature-based-solutions/
170 CBDC. Programs. https://www.cbdc.ca/en/programs
171 Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency. https://www.canada.ca/en/atlantic-canada-opportunities.html
172 Forest Nova Scotia. (2020) Access Road Construction Program. https://forestns.ca/road-program/
173 Government of Nova Scotia. Woodlot Management - Home Study Program. https://woodlot.novascotia.ca/
174 Government of Nova Scotia. Forest Certification. https://novascotia.ca/natr/forestry/certification/
175 Association for Sustainable Forestry. https://www.asforestry.com/docs/
176 Association for Sustainable Forestry. Silviculture. https://www.asforestry.com/silviculture/
177 Government of Canada. (2020) Assisted migration. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/climate-change/impacts-
adaptations/climate-change-impacts-forests/adaptation/assisted-migration/13121
178 Province of Nova Scotia. NREC - Our Programs. https://novascotia.ca/natr/Education/NREC/walkingtour/
179 Province of Nova Scotia. Forest Protection. https://novascotia.ca/natr/forestprotection/publications.asp
180 Province of Nova Scotia. Don't Move Firewood. https://novascotia.ca/natr/forestprotection/dont-move-
firewood.asp
181 Government of Canada. (2021) Sustainable Fisheries Framework. https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/reports-
rapports/regs/sff-cpd/overview-cadre-eng.htm
182 Province of Nova Scotia. Aquaculture Strategy: Creating Sustainable Wealth in Rural and Coastal Nova Scotia.
https://novascotia.ca/fish/documents/NS-Aquaculture-Strategy.pdf
183
Government
of
Canada.
(2018)
Atlantic
Fisheries
Fund.
https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fisheries-
peches/initiatives/fish-fund-atlantic-fonds-peche/index-eng.html
184 Government of Canada. (2021) Environment and Climate Change Canada funding programs.
https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-funding.html
185 Province of Nova Scotia. Atlantic Fisheries Fund. https://novascotia.ca/fish/funding-programs/atlantic-fisheries-
fund/
186 Nova scotia Federation of Agriculture. Courses and Training. https://nsfa-fane.ca/members/courses-and-
training/
187 AgPal Program and Service Finder. https://agpal.ca/#/home
188 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. https://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/agriculture-and-the-environment/agricultural-
climate-solutions/?id=1615985409730
189
AgPal
Program
and
Service
Finder.
https://agpal.ca/#/search?topic=EnergySustainabilityBMPs®ion=NovaScotia&pageSize=25&sort=score
:desc
190 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. https://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/agriculture-and-the-environment/agricultural-
climate-solutions/?id=1615985409730
Page 68 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
191 Dalhousie University. (2013) Carbon Capture and Storage. https://www.dal.ca/faculty/science/earth-
environmental-sciences/research/basin-reservoir-lab/about/environment--society--and-
geoscience/carbon-capture-and-storage.html
192 Nova Scotia Nature Trust. Protecting Our Freshwater Legacy. https://nsnt.ca/our-work/focus-areas/protecting-
our-freshwater-legacy/
193 Province of Nova Scotia. Water For Life: Nova Scotia's Water Resource Management Strategy.
https://novascotia.ca/nse/water.strategy/docs/WaterStrategy_Water.Resources.Management.Strategy.p
df
194 Canadian Wildlife Federation. In the Buffer Zone. https://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/for-educators/resource-
sheets/in-the-buffer-zone.html
195
Federation
of
Canadian
Municipalities.
Study:
GHG
reduction
pathway
feasibility.
https://fcm.ca/en/funding/gmf/study-ghg-reduction-pathway-feasibility
196 Federation of Canadian Municipalities. Pilot Project: Signature Initiative. https://fcm.ca/en/funding/gmf/pilot-
project-signature-initiative
197 Munang, R, (2021) Climate change and Ecosystem-based Adaptation: a new pragmatic approach to buffering
climate change impacts. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.12.001
198 Province of Prince Edward Island. (2015) Municipal Emergency Management Program Guide.
http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/EMO_MUN_EMG.pdf
199
Banks,
J.
(2018)
National
Emissions
from
Lawn
and
Garden
Equipment.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/banks.pdf
200 Hope, P. (2021) 5 reasons to Choose Battery-Powered Lawn Tools. https://www.consumerreports.org/tools-
power-equipment/reasons-to-choose-battery-powered-lawn-tools/
201
IPPC.
Impacts
of
1.5
degree
global
warming
on
natural
and
human
systems.
https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-3/
202
Province
of
British
Columbia.
Integrated
Pest
Management.
https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/agriculture-seafood/animals-and-crops/plant-
health/integrated-pest-management
203 City of Calgary. Climate Ready measures - Windows and doors. https://www.calgary.ca/uep/esm/climate-ready-
home-guide/climate-ready-measures-windows-and-doors.html
204
Wildlife
Preservation
Canada.
Wildflower
seed
grant
program.
https://wildlifepreservation.ca/wildflowerseedgrants/
205 Xinglei,
C.
Green
firebreaks
as
a
management
tool
for
wildfires:
Lessons
from
China.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329872498_Green_firebreaks_as_a_management_tool_for_
wildfires_Lessons_from_China
206 Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. Water-Efficiant Technology Opportunity: Rainwater Harvesting
Systems.https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/water-efficient-technology-opportunity-rainwater-
harvesting-systems
207 Beaulieu, D. (2021) 10 Best Plants for Erosion Control. https://www.thespruce.com/best-plants-for-erosion-
control-4175349
208 Climate Change Guide. (2013) https://scrlc.libguides.com/c.php?g=327923&p=2201996
209
Government
of
MN.
(2020)
Drainage
Manual:
Storm
Drainage
Systems.
https://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/pdf/hydraulics/drainagemanual/chapter%208.pdf
210 Water Conservation For Lawn and Landscapes. (2019) Firewise Planning and Landscape Design.
https://landscape-water-conservation.extension.org/firewise-planning-and-landscape-design/
Page 69 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
211 Green Roofs for Healthy Cities. (2019) Green Roof and Wall Policy in North America: Regulations, Incentives, and
Best
Practices.
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58e3eecf2994ca997dd56381/t/5d84dfc371cf0822bdf7dc29/1568
989140101/Green_Roof_and_Wall_Policy_in_North_America.pdf
212 https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain
213 Climate
and
Weather.
(2020)
Characteristics
of
world
weather
and
climate:
Acid
Rain.
https://www.climateandweather.net/world-weather/acid-rain/
214 Province of Nova Scotia. Environment: Acid Rain. https://novascotia.ca/nse/air/acidrain.asp
215 Province of Nova Scotia. Domestic Oil Tanks. https://novascotia.ca/lae/fuelsafety/petroleum-domestic/
216 Ecology Action Centre. What You Can Do to Help the Birds of Nova Scotia. https://ecologyaction.ca/issue-
area/what-you-can-do-help-birds-nova-scotia
217 Department of Lands and Forests, Province of Nova Scotia. (1989) Building for Wildlife: Nest Boxes.
https://novascotia.ca/natr/wildlife/conserva/nest-boxes.asp
218
St.
John
Ambulance,
Courses.
Bear
Aware:
Working
in
Bear
Country.
https://ont.sjatraining.ca/BearAwareWorking.php
219 National Wildlife Federation. Water. https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-Wildlife/Water
220
Sylvan
Lake
Watershed
Stewardship
Society.
(2016)
Roadside
Ditches
as
Wetlands.
https://slwssnews.wordpress.com/2016/08/05/roadside-ditches-are-wetlands-too/
221 High-Crest Enterprises. Sherbrooke Facility. http://high-crest.com/facilities/sherbrooke/
222 The McLean Foundation. Applications. http://www.mcleanfoundation.ca/applications/
223 Communities, Culture and Heritage, Province of Nova Scotia. Planning Assistance Program.
https://cch.novascotia.ca/planning-assistance-program
224 Tree Canada. Grant Application. https://treecanada.ca/plant-with-us/apply-for-a-grant/
225 Duff, H. Tree Canada. (2020) How to keep us and our communities cool. https://treecanada.ca/blog/how-trees-
keep-us-and-our-communities-cool/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=how-trees-
keep-us-and-our-communities-cool
226
Communities,
Culture
and
Heritage.
Province
of
Nova
Scotia.
Trail
Funding
Program.
https://cch.novascotia.ca/trail-funding-programs
227 Tree Canada. Edible Trees. https://treecanada.ca/greening-communities/community-tree-grants/edible-trees/
228
Government
of
Canada.
Habitat
Stewardship
Program
for
Species
at
Risk.
https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-
funding/programs/habitat-stewardship-species-at-risk.html
229 St. Mary's River Association. (2019) Projects. https://www.stmarysriverassociation.com/projects.html
230
Government
of
Canada.
Community-nominated
priority
places
for
species
at
risk.
https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/nature-legacy/fund/community-
nominated-places-species-risk.html
231 Department of Lands and Forestry, Province of Nova Scotia. Species at Risk Conservation Fund.
https://novascotia.ca/natr/wildlife/conservationfund/
232 Government of Canada. Habitat Stewardship Program for Aquatic Species at Risk Program Overview and
Objectives. https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/sara-lep/hsp-pih/about-sur/index-eng.html
233 Environment Canada. (2010) Recovery Strategy and Management Plan for Multiple Species of Atlantic Coastal
Plain
Flora
in
Canada.
https://www.registrelep-
sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/plans/rs_atlantic_coastal_plain_flora_final_2010_e1.pdf
234 Department of Lands and Forestry, Province of Nova Scotia. Habitat Conservation Fund - Contributions from
Hunters and Trappers. https://novascotia.ca/natr/wildlife/habfund/
Page 70 of 70
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
Climate Change Action Plan
235 Port Bickerton Lighthouse: Interpretive Centre & Gift Shop. https://www.portbickertonlighthouse.ca/gift-shop-
museum/
236 National Wildlife Federation. Natural Play Spaces. https://www.nwf.org/Home/Kids-and-Family/Connecting-
Kids-and-Nature/Nature-Play-Spaces
237
Province
of
Nova
Scotia.
Nature
Learning
and
Play
Spaces:
Come
play
outside.
https://novascotia.ca/natureplayspace/
238
United
Nations.
Climate
Change:
Education
is
ley
to
addressing
climate
change.
https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/climate-solutions/education-key-addressing-climate-change
239 Youth 4 Nature. Mobilising Youth to Lead for Nature and Climate. https://www.youth4nature.org/
240 Department of Lands and Forestry, Province of Nova Scotia. Natural Resources Education Centre - Kids Corner.
https://novascotia.ca/natr/Education/NREC/kidscorner/
241
Wildlife
Preservation
Canada.
Native
Wildflower
Seed
Grants.
https://wildlifepreservation.ca/wildflowerseedgrants-2020/
242 Department of Lands and Forestry, Province of Nova Scotia. Habitat Conservation Fund - Contributions from
Hunters and Trappers. https://novascotia.ca/natr/wildlife/habfund/
243 TD Friends of the Environment Foundation. TD Friends of the Environment Foundation Grant.
https://www.td.com/ca/en/about-td/ready-commitment/funding/fef-grant/
244 Hives for Humanity. We connect people to nature, community and themselves: And we do it through the bees.
https://www.hivesforhumanity.com/
245 City of Surrey, British Columbia. Community Bee Gardens. https://www.surrey.ca/activities-parks-
recreation/parks/things-to-do-in-parks/community-gardens/community-bee-gardens
246 Ducks Unlimited Canada. Our Work: Impact Areas - Wetlands. https://www.ducks.ca/our-work/wetlands/
247 Wildlife Habitat Canada. Habitat Conservation Stamp Initiative. https://whc.org/grants/
248 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services. North American Wetlands Conservation Act: Standard Grants - Canada.
https://www.fws.gov/birds/grants/north-american-wetland-conservation-act/standard-
grants/canada.php
249 Ducks Unlimited Canada. Wetland Restoration. https://www.ducks.ca/resources/landowners/wetland-
restoration/
250 World Wildlife Foundation. Loblaw Water Fund. https://wwf.ca/habitat/freshwater/loblaw-water-fund/
251 Wildlife Habitat Canada. Land Trusts Conservation Fund. https://whc.org/ltcf/
252 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Government of Canada. Coastal Restoration Fund. https://www.dfo-
mpo.gc.ca/oceans/crf-frc/description-eng.html
253 Morris, R. Nature Climate Change. (2020) Climate-resilient coasts require diverse defence solutions.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0798-
9?utm_source=nclimate_etoc&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=toc_41558_10_6&utm_content=20
200609&sap-outbound-id=EA3F8EA6308B21F7B310FD6DDED6EA85A2DD7EC2